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Related Concept Videos

Protein Organization01:24

Protein Organization

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Proteins are polymers of amino acid residues. They are versatile and responsible for different cellular functions, including DNA replication, molecular transport, catalysis, and structural support. Proteins have a hierarchical structure comprising at least three levels of organization: primary, secondary, and tertiary structure. Some large proteins have a quaternary structure where individual protein subunits are linked together.
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Protein and Protein Structure02:15

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Proteins are one of the most abundant organic molecules in living systems and have the most diverse range of functions of all macromolecules. Proteins may be structural, regulatory, contractile, or protective. They may serve in transport, storage, or membranes; or they may be toxins or enzymes. Their structures, like their functions, vary greatly. They are all, however, amino acid polymers arranged in a linear sequence.
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Protein Folding01:25

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Proteins are chains of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. Upon synthesis, a protein folds into a three-dimensional conformation, critical to its biological function. Interactions between its constituent amino acids guide protein folding, and hence the protein structure is primarily dependent on its amino acid sequence.
Protein Structure Is Critical to Its Biological Function
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Protein Folding Quality Check in the RER01:29

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ER is the primary site for the maturation and folding of soluble and transmembrane secretory proteins. The calnexin cycle is a specific chaperone system that folds and assesses the confirmation of N-glycosylated proteins before they can exit the ER lumen. The primary players of this quality check pipeline are the lectins, ER-resident chaperones, and a glucosyl transferase enzyme. In case the calnexin system in the lumen fails to salvage a misfolded protein, it is transported to the cytoplasm...
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Conservation of Protein Domains Over Different Proteins02:26

Conservation of Protein Domains Over Different Proteins

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Protein domains are small structurally independent units that are part of a single amino acid chain.  Although these domains are often structurally independent, they may rely on synergistic effects to perform their functions as part of a larger protein. Protein domains may be conserved within the same organism, as well as across different organisms.
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A Protocol for Computer-Based Protein Structure and Function Prediction
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Progress at protein structure prediction, as seen in CASP15.

Arne Elofsson1

  • 1Science for Life Laboratory and Dep. of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Sweden.

Current Opinion in Structural Biology
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Summary

AlphaFold 2 revolutionized protein structure prediction, achieving experimental accuracy computationally. Its release spurred AI advancements in predicting protein complexes and design.

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Area of Science:

  • Computational Biology
  • Structural Biology
  • Artificial Intelligence

Background:

  • The presentation of AlphaFold version 2 at CASP14 in December 2020 marked a significant breakthrough in protein structure prediction.
  • For the first time, a computational method demonstrated accuracy comparable to experimental methods for single protein domain structure prediction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the inventions and advancements in computational biology and artificial intelligence spurred by the release of AlphaFold.

Main Methods:

  • Review of inventions and developments following the public release of AlphaFold v2 code in summer 2021.
  • Analysis of AlphaFold v2's impact on predicting protein structures, interactions, complexes, and design.

Main Results:

  • AlphaFold v2 enables accurate prediction of most ordered protein structures and many protein-protein interactions.
  • The release has catalyzed rapid development in AI-driven methods for predicting protein complexes, disordered regions, and facilitating protein design.

Conclusions:

  • AlphaFold v2 has fundamentally changed the landscape of structural biology and computational protein prediction.
  • The ongoing developments inspired by AlphaFold promise further innovations in understanding and engineering proteins.