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Catalysis02:50

Catalysis

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The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.
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Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:13

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

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Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the...
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Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation02:17

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Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...
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Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:24

Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

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Introduction
Like alkenes, alkynes can be reduced to alkanes in the presence of transition metal catalysts such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. The reaction involves two sequential syn additions of hydrogen via a cis-alkene intermediate.
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Electrolysis03:00

Electrolysis

27.0K
In a galvanic cell, the electrical work is done by a redox system on its surroundings as electrons produced by the spontaneous redox reactions are transferred through an external circuit. Alternatively, an external circuit does work on a redox system by imposing a voltage sufficient to drive an otherwise nonspontaneous reaction in a process known as electrolysis. For instance, recharging a battery involves the use of an external power source to drive the spontaneous (discharge) cell reaction in...
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Voltammetry: Overview01:20

Voltammetry: Overview

1.8K
Voltammetry is an electroanalytical technique in which the current flowing through an electrochemical cell is measured as a function of applied potential, typically under conditions of concentration polarization. The technique provides valuable information about redox-active species, and the current response is plotted as a voltammogram.
A voltammetric cell uses three electrodes: a working electrode, a reference electrode, and an auxiliary electrode. The redox reactions occur in the working...
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Hydrogen Production and Utilization in a Membrane Reactor
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Electrochemical hydrogen evolution on Pt-based catalysts from a theoretical perspective.

Ke-Xiang Zhang1, Zhi-Pan Liu1

  • 1Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Material, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Key Laboratory of Computational Physical Science, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.

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Platinum catalysts are crucial for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in clean energy, but their high cost and instability are issues. This review focuses on theoretical methods, HER mechanisms, and stability improvements for Pt-based catalysts.

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Area of Science:

  • Electrochemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Catalysis

Background:

  • Platinum (Pt)-based catalysts are essential for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in water splitting for clean energy.
  • However, Pt catalysts face challenges including high cost and limited stability under acidic electrochemical conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a theoretical overview of Platinum-catalyzed HER.
  • To discuss advancements in electrochemistry simulation methodologies.
  • To summarize HER mechanisms, kinetics, and catalyst stability.

Main Methods:

  • Review of theoretical methods for simulating electrochemistry and solid-liquid interface reactions.
  • Analysis of HER mechanisms, reaction kinetics, and active sites on Pt surfaces.
  • Examination of experimental strategies for enhancing catalyst stability.

Main Results:

  • Recent theoretical methods accurately describe electrochemical reactions at the solid-liquid interface.
  • An atomic-level understanding of Pt catalyst surface dynamics during HER is provided.
  • Experimental approaches to improve Pt catalyst stability are highlighted.

Conclusions:

  • Theoretical insights are crucial for designing more stable and cost-effective Pt-based HER catalysts.
  • Fundamental understanding aids in overcoming the limitations of current Pt catalysts for HER.
  • This review bridges theoretical advancements with practical applications in catalysis.