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Overview of Exosomes01:36

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Exosomes are stable, lipid bilayer-enclosed vesicles capable of crossing biological barriers. They can carry a wide range of molecules required for intercellular communication. Once exosomes are released from the cell where they originated, they enter a recipient cell through various pathways such as fusion, receptor-mediated endocytosis, macropinocytosis, and phagocytosis.
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Receptor-mediated endocytosis is when bulk amounts of specific molecules are imported into a cell after binding to cell surface receptors. The molecules bound to these receptors are taken into the cell through inward folding of the cell surface membrane, which is eventually pinched off into a vesicle within the cell. Structural proteins, such as clathrin, coat the budding vesicle.
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Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
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The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
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Intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) are small vesicles 50-80 nm in diameter formed during the maturation of early endosomes. A specialized endosome containing numerous ILVs is called a multivesicular body (MVB). ILVs contain internalized molecules such as antigens, nucleic acids, proteins, and metabolites. Some of these molecules are released from the MVBs inside exosomes and are transported to other cells. Other MVBs contain molecules that are retained in the ILVs and are later degraded within the...
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Viruses are unique biological entities that blur the boundary between living and non-living systems. Although they lack cellular structure and metabolic processes, they can exhibit characteristics of life when infecting a host. Their defining feature is a nucleic acid core, composed of either DNA or RNA, encapsulated within a protein coat called a capsid. This simple structure allows them to invade host cells and use their machinery for replication efficiently.Viral Structure and...
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Updated: Aug 2, 2025

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Exosome and virus infection.

Yiqiu Peng1, Yuxi Yang1, Yingying Li1

  • 1Department of Central Laboratory, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.

Frontiers in Immunology
|April 17, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Exosomes, tiny vesicles involved in cell communication, play a dual role in viral infections like HIV and SARS-CoV-2. Understanding these virus-associated exosomes offers new therapeutic avenues for infectious diseases.

Keywords:
HBVHCVHIVSARS-CoV-2exosomevirus infection

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Area of Science:

  • Cell biology
  • Virology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Exosomes are key mediators of intercellular communication, influencing disease pathophysiology.
  • Exosomes share similarities with viruses in biogenesis and cargo, impacting viral replication and spread.
  • Virus-associated exosomes modulate the host immune response, promoting immune escape and antiviral activity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the multifaceted role of exosomes in viral infections.
  • To focus on the involvement of exosomes in HIV, HBV, HCV, and SARS-CoV-2.
  • To explore the therapeutic potential of exosomes in combating viral diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of exosome function in viral infections.
  • Analysis of exosome biogenesis and cargo similarities with viruses.
  • Examination of exosome-mediated immune modulation during viral pathogenesis.

Main Results:

  • Exosomes are implicated in the replication, transmission, and infection processes of various viruses.
  • Virus-associated exosomes can facilitate viral immune evasion strategies.
  • Exosomes can also activate and modulate the body's antiviral immune responses.

Conclusions:

  • Exosomes present a complex role in viral infections, acting as both facilitators and modulators.
  • Targeting exosome pathways offers promising therapeutic strategies for viral infections.
  • Further research into exosome development can reduce the global burden of viral diseases.