Genome-wide identification and expression profiling of snakin/GASA genes under drought stress in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)

Gibberellic Acid-Stimulated Arabidopsis (GASA) proteins are present in various plants and have a role in plant growth, stress responses, and hormone crosstalk. GASA coding sequences in barley were discovered in this study. We then investigated gene and protein structure, physicochemical characteristics, evolutionary and phylogenetic relationships, promoter region, post-translational modification, and in silico gene expression. Finally, real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) was used to examine the expression of GASA genes in root and shoot tissues under drought stress. We found 11 GASA genes spread across six of seven chromosomes in the barley genome. A conserved GASA domain and 12-cysteine residues at the C-terminus were included in the proteins. All GASA genes contained secretory signal peptides. The GASA genes in Hordeum vulgare (HvGASA) have been classified into three subfamilies based on evolutionary analysis. According to synteny analyses, segmental duplications are significant in forming the GASA gene family. According to the cis-elements analyses, GASA genes may be induced by a variety of phytohormones and stresses. Tissue-specific expression analysis indicated that GASA genes had varied expression patterns in different tissues. Contrary to common perception, the expression study of GASA genes under biotic and abiotic stresses revealed that GASA genes are more induced by abiotic stresses than biotic stresses. The qPCR confirmed the response of GASA genes to abiotic stresses and showed different expression patterns of these genes under drought stress. Overall, these results can improve our knowledge about the function of GASA genes and provide data for future researches.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-023-03545-8.