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3D Perovskite Passivation with a Benzotriazole-Based 2D Interlayer for High-Efficiency Solar Cells.

Alessandro Caiazzo1, Arthur Maufort2, Bas T van Gorkom1

  • 1Molecular Materials and Nanosystems and Institute of Complex Molecular Systems Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.

ACS Applied Energy Materials
|April 17, 2023
PubMed
Summary

New benzotriazole derivatives enhance formamidinium lead triiodide (FAPbI3) solar cells by forming 2D Ruddlesden-Popper perovskites. This passivation boosts power conversion efficiency and reduces recombination losses.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Renewable Energy
  • Solid-State Chemistry

Background:

  • Formamidinium lead triiodide (FAPbI3) is a promising material for perovskite solar cells.
  • Passivation strategies are crucial for improving the efficiency and stability of FAPbI3 solar cells.
  • Defect-mediated non-radiative recombination at interfaces limits device performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and characterize novel 2H-Benzotriazol-2-ylethylammonium bromide and iodide derivatives.
  • To investigate the use of these derivatives as interlayers for passivating FAPbI3 solar cells.
  • To understand the mechanism by which these interlayers improve device performance.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of benzotriazole derivatives and their difluorinated variants.
  • Formation of 2D Ruddlesden-Popper perovskites (RPPs) using benzotriazole derivatives with PbI2 and PbBr2.
  • Fabrication and characterization of n-i-p FAPbI3 solar cells with benzotriazole interlayers.
  • Performance evaluation including power conversion efficiency (PCE) and open-circuit voltage (Voc) measurements.
  • Advanced characterization techniques: Quasi-Fermi level splitting, SEM cathodoluminescence hyperspectral imaging, photoluminescence spectroscopy, X-ray scattering, and XPS depth profiling.

Main Results:

  • Benzotriazole derivatives successfully form 2D RPPs with PbI2 and PbBr2.
  • Passivation with these interlayers increased the PCE of FAPbI3 solar cells from 20% to nearly 22%.
  • The enhancement in PCE was attributed to an improved open-circuit voltage.
  • Passivation effectively reduced non-radiative recombination at the perovskite/hole transport layer interface.
  • A non-uniform layer of 2D perovskites was found to be sufficient for defect passivation and improved charge extraction.

Conclusions:

  • Novel benzotriazole derivatives serve as effective interlayers for passivating FAPbI3 solar cells.
  • The formation of 2D RPPs plays a key role in enhancing device performance.
  • These interlayers significantly reduce non-radiative recombination, leading to higher efficiencies.
  • The findings offer a promising route for developing more efficient and stable perovskite solar cells.