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Gross Anatomy of the Lungs01:17

Gross Anatomy of the Lungs

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The lungs are a pair of vital organs connected to the trachea via the left and right bronchi. The base of these organs meets the dome-shaped muscle known as the diaphragm. Encased by the pleurae, the lungs contact the mediastinum. The right lung is shorter yet wider, and has a larger volume than the left lung. The left lung has an indentation known as the cardiac notch. The superior region of the lungs is referred to as the apex, whereas the base is the lower region near the diaphragm. The...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 2, 2025

Author Spotlight: Studying Spatial Protein Expression Using Agarose Embedded Lung Tissue Sections
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A Trisomy 21 Lung Cell Atlas.

Soumyaroop Bhattacharya, Caroline Cherry, Gail Deutsch

    Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology
    |April 17, 2023
    PubMed
    Summary

    Prenatal genetic analysis of Trisomy 21 (T21) lungs reveals distinct cellular and molecular changes, offering insights into the origins of Down Syndrome (DS) pulmonary complications. This research identifies early molecular alterations that precede lung abnormalities in DS.

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    Area of Science:

    • Genetics
    • Developmental Biology
    • Pulmonology

    Background:

    • Trisomy 21 (T21), or Down Syndrome (DS), is the most common chromosomal abnormality globally.
    • Pulmonary disease significantly contributes to morbidity and mortality in individuals with DS.
    • The developmental origins of lung complications in DS are not well understood.

    Approach:

    • This study utilized single-cell RNA sequencing to analyze molecular changes in prenatal Trisomy 21 lungs.
    • The research focused on identifying differences in cell population proportions and gene expression patterns during the initiation of lung abnormalities.
    • A comprehensive single-cell atlas of prenatal Trisomy 21 lungs was generated.

    Key Points:

    • Significant alterations in cell population distribution were observed in prenatal Trisomy 21 lungs.
    • Mesenchymal cells showed widespread induction of extracellular matrix molecules.
    • Endothelial cells exhibited hyper-activation of interferon (IFN) signaling.
    • Alveolar epithelial progenitor distribution was notably shifted.

    Conclusions:

    • Prenatal T21 lungs exhibit distinct cellular and molecular profiles that precede histopathological abnormalities.
    • These findings provide a single-cell atlas of early lung development in DS, highlighting key molecular drivers of pulmonary complications.
    • Understanding these early changes can guide future therapeutic strategies to mitigate respiratory disease in Down Syndrome.