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Related Concept Videos

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Distribution of Cytoplasmic Content

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Cytokinesis segregates a cell’s chromosomes and organelles into its daughter cells. Organelles divide and grow prior to cell division but cannot be synthesized de novo; therefore, cells must receive at least one copy of each organelle to survive. Currently, many of the details of how the organelles are distributed are not yet fully elucidated.
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Positioning the cell division plane is a critical step during development and cell differentiation, particularly during mitosis when the plane is essential for determining the size of the two daughter cells. The cell division plane is perpendicular to the plane of chromosome segregation, but different types of organisms have different cell division mechanisms to suit their morphology and function. 
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Fission is the division of a single entity into two or more parts, which regenerate into separate entities that resemble the original. Organisms in the Archaea and Bacteria domains reproduce using binary fission, in which a parent cell splits into two parts that can each grow to the size of the original parent cell. This asexual method of reproduction produces cells that are all genetically identical.
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In eukaryotes, the cell division cycle is divided into distinct, coordinated cellular processes that include cell growth, DNA replication/chromosome duplication, chromosome distribution to daughter cells, and finally, cell division. The cell cycle is tightly regulated by its regulatory systems as well as extracellular signals that affect cell proliferation.
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Animal and plant cells not only differ in their structure, function, and mode of nutrition but also in how they reproduce, specialize, and organize into complex structures.
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Cell division is essential for organismal growth and development. In animal cells, the central spindle and its associated proteins form the midbody, a structure that has an essential role in cytokinesis. In plants, the central spindle, along with the microtubules, actin, and other cell components, matures into the phragmoplast, which is necessary for cytokinesis. Unlike the stationary midbody, the phragmoplast expands centrifugally, eventually leading to the formation of the new cell wall.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 2, 2025

Mammalian Cell Division in 3D Matrices via Quantitative Confocal Reflection Microscopy
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Mammalian Cell Division in 3D Matrices via Quantitative Confocal Reflection Microscopy

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Division in synthetic cells.

Mu-Yueh Chang1, Hirotaka Ariyama1, Wilhelm T S Huck2

  • 1School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China. n.deng@sjtu.edu.cn.

Chemical Society Reviews
|April 17, 2023
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Scientists are exploring ways to build synthetic cells that can divide autonomously. This review summarizes methods using physical, chemical, and biological triggers to achieve cell division in synthetic biology.

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Area of Science:

  • Synthetic biology
  • Cellular engineering
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Constructing a living cell from non-living materials is a major scientific endeavor.
  • Autonomous cell division is essential for life and a fundamental goal in synthetic biology.
  • Achieving self-replication in synthetic cells is crucial for understanding life's origins and creating artificial life.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review strategies for inducing division in synthetic cells.
  • To explore the use of physical, chemical, and biological stimuli for synthetic cell division.
  • To identify future challenges in creating autonomously dividing synthetic cells.

Main Methods:

  • Summarizing existing research on synthetic cell division.
  • Analyzing different types of stimuli (physical, chemical, biological) used to trigger division.
  • Highlighting key challenges and future research directions.

Main Results:

  • Various strategies exist for inducing synthetic cell division.
  • Physical, chemical, and biological stimuli can be employed to control synthetic cell division.
  • Significant challenges remain in achieving fully autonomous division.

Conclusions:

  • Inducing synthetic cell division is achievable through diverse stimuli.
  • Further research is needed to overcome challenges in autonomous division.
  • The development of autonomously dividing synthetic cells is a critical frontier in synthetic biology.