A rare case of isolated IgG4-related hypophysitis with Rathke's cleft cyst presenting as panhypopituitarism

We report a rare case of biopsy-proven isolated immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4)-related hypophysitis and Rathke's cleft cyst (RCC) presenting as panhypopituitarism. A 54-year-old Caucasian female presented with symptoms of slurred speech, altered mental status, polyuria and polydipsia and was found to have panhypopituitarism. Brain MRI showed a suprasellar mass with suspected intralesional hemorrhage. She underwent trans-sphenoidal resection due to MRI evidence of compression of the optic chiasm and left optic nerve. Preoperatively, she was started on hydrocortisone, levothyroxine and desmopressin. Histopathology demonstrated a RCC with adjacent lymphoplasmacytic hypophysitis with numerous IgG4-immunoreactive plasma cells. Hydrocortisone was stopped at 10 months after confirming hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)-axis recovery and desmopressin was stopped at 1 year. There was recurrence of a cystic mass at 1 year follow-up. Over 4 years of follow-up, she continued to require levothyroxine, and the mass remained stable in size. In order to begin to understand how this case's unique histopathological presentation influences clinical presentation, pituitary imaging and prognosis, we present an accompanying literature review.

Isolated IgG4 hypophysitis and coexisting Rathke's cleft cyst is a rare condition, which presents a diagnostic challenge. Recognizing its characteristic features can assist with early recognition and initiation of therapy to promote optimal outcomes. Further studies investigating the mechanisms promoting co-occurrence of these entities and their effect on prognosis are needed.