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Vision

Vision

Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.

Parallel Processing

Parallel Processing

The brain processes sensory information rapidly due to parallel processing, which involves sending data across multiple neural pathways at the same time. This method allows the brain to manage various sensory qualities, such as shapes, colors, movements, and locations, all concurrently. For instance, when observing a forest landscape, the brain simultaneously processes the movement of leaves, the shapes of trees, the depth between them, and the various shades of green. This enables a quick and...

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex

The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
Motor Areas
The motor areas located in the frontal lobe are central to controlling voluntary movements. This region is further subdivided into the primary motor cortex and the premotor cortex....

Association Areas of the Cortex

Association Areas of the Cortex

Association areas are regions of the cerebral cortex that do not have a specific sensory or motor function. Instead, they integrate and interpret information from various sources to enable higher cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and decision-making. Some key association areas include the following:
Prefrontal Association Area: This area is located in the frontal lobe and is involved in planning, decision-making, and moderating social behavior. It connects with primary motor areas,...

Role of Hippocampus in Memory

Role of Hippocampus in Memory

The hippocampus, a critical brain structure, plays an essential role in memory processing, particularly in the formation and retrieval of memory. This small, seahorse-shaped region is located within the medial temporal lobe, with one hippocampus in each brain hemisphere. Experimental studies involving lesions in the hippocampi of rats have demonstrated significant impairments in tasks such as object recognition and maze navigation, indicating the hippocampus involvement in both recognition and...

Auditory Pathway

Auditory Pathway

Auditory pathways constitute the complex neural circuits responsible for transmitting and interpreting auditory information from the peripheral auditory system to the brain. Sound waves are initially captured by the outer ear, funneled through the ear canal, and reach the tympanic membrane (eardrum). These vibrations are transmitted via the middle ear's ossicles to the inner ear's cochlea.
When viewed cross-sectionally, the cochlea reveals the scala vestibuli and scala tympani flanking...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 2, 2025

Methods to Explore the Influence of Top-down Visual Processes on Motor Behavior

Methods to Explore the Influence of Top-down Visual Processes on Motor Behavior

Published on: April 16, 2014

Perception and Memory in the Ventral Visual Stream and Medial Temporal Lobe.

Chris B Martin¹, Morgan D Barense^2,3

¹Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA;

Annual Review of Vision Science

|April 17, 2023

Summary

Cognitive neuroscience challenges the separation of perception and memory. Evidence suggests these brain systems, including the ventral visual stream and medial temporal lobe, interact more than previously understood.

Keywords:

medial temporal lobe memory perception perirhinal cortex ventral visual stream

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Last Updated: Aug 2, 2025

Methods to Explore the Influence of Top-down Visual Processes on Motor Behavior

Methods to Explore the Influence of Top-down Visual Processes on Motor Behavior

Published on: April 16, 2014

Investigating Object Representations in the Macaque Dorsal Visual Stream Using Single-unit Recordings

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Published on: August 1, 2018

A Comprehensive Protocol for Manual Segmentation of the Medial Temporal Lobe Structures

A Comprehensive Protocol for Manual Segmentation of the Medial Temporal Lobe Structures

Published on: July 2, 2014

Area of Science:

Cognitive Neuroscience
Neurobiology
Systems Neuroscience

Background:

Traditionally, perception and memory are viewed as distinct cognitive functions supported by separate brain regions.
The ventral visual stream is associated with visual perception, while the medial temporal lobe supports declarative memory.

Purpose of the Study:

To review evidence challenging the modular framework of perception and memory systems.
To explore the interconnectedness of visual processing and memory formation across species.

Main Methods:

Review of existing human, nonhuman primate, and rodent research.
Analysis of studies investigating long-term recognition memory and perceptual processing.

Main Results:

Evidence indicates early visual areas play a role in long-term recognition memory.
Medial temporal lobe structures are implicated in high-level perceptual processing.
Findings contradict strict functional boundaries between perceptual and memory systems.

Conclusions:

The empirical data best supports a representational-hierarchical model.
This model emphasizes content differences over distinct cognitive processes in the ventral visual stream and medial temporal lobe.