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Development differs between independently evolved staminode whorls in the same flower.

John J Schenk1, Andrea D Appleton2,3

  • 1Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701-2979, USA.

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|April 18, 2023
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Staminodes in carpellate flowers of Paronychia evolved through two distinct developmental pathways. This study reveals a second origin of staminodes, offering insights into floral evolution and stamen development.

Keywords:
Caryophyllaceaeandroeciumdevelopmentdioecyevo-devofloral evolutionheterochronyhomologypistillodestaminode

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Area of Science:

  • Plant biology
  • Evolutionary developmental biology
  • Floral morphology

Background:

  • Staminodes, infertile stamens, are well-studied in hermaphroditic flowers.
  • Few studies investigate staminode evolution via stamen loss in carpellate flowers.
  • Paronychia species offer a unique model for studying the second origin of staminodes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the evolutionary origin of staminodes in carpellate flowers of Paronychia.
  • To determine if existing developmental pathways for staminodes were co-opted during the evolution of unisexual flowers.
  • To compare the development of staminodes in carpellate and hermaphroditic flowers.

Main Methods:

  • Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to observe floral development.
  • Developmental pathways of carpellate and staminate flowers were analyzed.
  • Comparative analysis of staminode initiation and development was performed.

Main Results:

  • In carpellate flowers, antesepalous staminodes initiate as sterile anthers, arresting development before maturity.
  • Alternisepalous staminodes initiate after antesepalous staminodes, resembling filaments.
  • The two whorls of staminodes in carpellate flowers exhibit distinct developmental origins.

Conclusions:

  • The second origin of staminodes in carpellate flowers involves a novel developmental pathway.
  • Antesepalous and alternisepalous staminodes are paralogous due to structural and developmental differences.
  • This study elucidates the evolutionary plasticity of the androecium.