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Related Concept Videos

Bone Disorders01:29

Bone Disorders

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Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...
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Role of Vitamins in Maintaining Bone Health01:25

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The growth and maintenance of bone are regulated by a combination of nutritional factors, including vitamins, such as vitamin A, B12, C, D, and K.
Vitamin A
Vitamin A is involved in the process of bone remodeling. Retinoic acid, the active metabolite of Vitamin A, has nuclear receptors in osteoblasts and osteoclasts, which are involved in bone remodeling.
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Essential Minerals for Bone Health01:31

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The minerals contained in all of the food we consume are essential for our organ systems. However, certain essential minerals, such as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, manganese, and fluoride, largely affect bone health.
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Calcium is a critical component of bones, especially in the form of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate. Since the body cannot make calcium, it must be obtained from the diet. However, calcium cannot be absorbed from the small intestine without...
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What is the Skeletal System?01:02

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Overview
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Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

Hormones and Bone Tissue

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The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...
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Bone Remodeling01:40

Bone Remodeling

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Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
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Updated: Aug 2, 2025

Cantilever Bending of Murine Femoral Necks
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COVID-19 and bone health.

C-L Hu1, M-J Zheng, X-X He

  • 1Department of Trauma Orthopedic and Hand Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China. weiqingjungxnn@163.com.

European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Long COVID, or post-COVID-19 syndrome, can negatively impact bone health. This review examines the effects of SARS-CoV-2 on bone and osteoporosis management.

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics and Bone Health
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • COVID-19 can lead to long-term symptoms, known as long COVID or post-COVID-19 syndrome.
  • While pulmonary effects are understood, extrapulmonary consequences, especially on bone health, remain less clear.
  • Emerging evidence suggests SARS-CoV-2 infection significantly harms bone health.

Approach:

  • This review synthesizes current evidence on the impact of SARS-CoV-2 on bone health.
  • It assesses how COVID-19 affects the diagnosis and treatment of osteoporosis.
  • The analysis focuses on the direct relationship between viral infection and skeletal integrity.

Key Points:

  • SARS-CoV-2 infection has a demonstrable negative effect on bone health.
  • Understanding these effects is crucial for managing patients with a history of COVID-19.
  • The review highlights the need for further research into extrapulmonary manifestations.

Conclusions:

  • COVID-19 poses a significant threat to bone health beyond respiratory symptoms.
  • The findings underscore the importance of considering skeletal implications in long COVID patients.
  • Further investigation is warranted to fully elucidate and address the impact of COVID-19 on osteoporosis and bone metabolism.