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Updated: Aug 2, 2025

A Modified Mirror Test as a Visual Guide for the Self-awareness Trait in Wild Antarctica Penguins, Pygoscelis adeliae
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Revisiting the mark test for mirror self-recognition.

Tony Calmette1,2, Hélène Meunier3,4

  • 1Centre de Primatologie, Université de Strasbourg, Niederhausbergen, France. tony.calmette@ens-lyon.fr.

Primates; Journal of Primatology
|April 18, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Capuchin monkeys do not show self-recognition in mirrors. A modified mark test using horizontal mirrors and sticker exchange found no evidence of mirror self-recognition in Sapajus apella.

Keywords:
Capuchin monkeyEcological relevanceHorizontal mirrorMark testSelf-recognitionSticker exchange

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Area of Science:

  • Comparative psychology
  • Primate behavior
  • Cognitive ethology

Background:

  • Mirror self-recognition is a key indicator of self-awareness.
  • Most species fail the traditional mark test, with methodological limitations proposed as a cause.
  • Ecological relevance of mirror orientation was overlooked, with natural reflective surfaces being horizontal, not vertical.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate capuchin monkey (Sapajus apella) mirror self-recognition.
  • To address the ecological relevance of mirror orientation in mark tests.
  • To introduce a modified mark test using horizontal mirrors and sticker exchange.

Main Methods:

  • Capuchin monkeys were trained in sticker exchange and habituated to head-touching.
  • Subjects were exposed to a horizontal mirror.
  • A sticker was surreptitiously placed on the forehead, and self-recognition was tested via sticker exchange.

Main Results:

  • None of the capuchin monkeys removed the sticker from their forehead while in front of the horizontal mirror.
  • This outcome aligns with previous studies suggesting a lack of mirror self-recognition in this species.

Conclusions:

  • Capuchin monkeys (Sapajus apella) do not exhibit mirror self-recognition under the tested conditions.
  • The modified mark test, incorporating horizontal mirrors and sticker exchange, offers a potentially valuable tool for future research on self-awareness in animals.