Microwave-free J-driven dynamic nuclear polarization: A proposal for enhancing the sensitivity of solution-state NMR

J-driven dynamic nuclear polarization (JDNP) was recently proposed for enhancing the sensitivity of solution-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), while bypassing the limitations faced by conventional (Overhauser) DNP at magnetic fields of interest in analytical applications. Like Overhauser DNP, JDNP also requires saturating the electronic polarization using high-frequency microwaves known to have poor penetration and associated heating effects in most liquids. The present microwave-free JDNP (MF-JDNP) proposal seeks to enhance solution NMR's sensitivity by shuttling the sample between higher and lower magnetic fields, with one of these fields providing an electron Larmor frequency that matches the interelectron exchange coupling J_{ex}. If spins cross this so-called JDNP condition sufficiently fast, we predict that a sizable nuclear polarization will be created without microwave irradiation. This MF-JDNP proposal requires radicals whose singlet-triplet self-relaxation rates are dominated by dipolar hyperfine relaxation, and shuttling times that can compete with these electron relaxation processes. This paper discusses the theory behind the MF-JDNP, as well as proposals for radicals and conditions that could enable this new approach to NMR sensitivity enhancement.