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Related Concept Videos

Ferromagnetism01:31

Ferromagnetism

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Materials like iron, nickel, and cobalt consist of magnetic domains, within which the magnetic dipoles are arranged parallel to each other. The magnetic dipoles are rigidly aligned in the same direction within a domain by quantum mechanical coupling among the atoms. This coupling is so strong that even thermal agitation at room temperature cannot break it. The result is that each domain has a net dipole moment. However, some materials have weaker coupling, and are ferromagnetic at lower...
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Types Of Superconductors01:28

Types Of Superconductors

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A superconductor is a substance that offers zero resistance to the electric current when it drops below a critical temperature. Zero resistance is not the only interesting phenomenon as materials reach their transition temperatures. A second effect is the exclusion of magnetic fields. This is known as the Meissner effect. A light, permanent magnet placed over a superconducting sample will levitate in a stable position above the superconductor. High-speed trains that levitate on strong...
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Magnetic Damping01:17

Magnetic Damping

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Eddy currents can produce significant drag on motion, called magnetic damping. For instance, when a metallic pendulum bob swings between the poles of a strong magnet, significant drag acts on the bob as it enters and leaves the field, quickly damping the motion.
If, however, the bob is a slotted metal plate, the magnet produces a much smaller effect. When a slotted metal plate enters the field, an emf is induced by the change in flux; however, it is less effective because the slots limit the...
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Force On A Current Loop In A Magnetic Field01:17

Force On A Current Loop In A Magnetic Field

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Magnetic forces on wires carrying current are most frequently applied in motors. A DC motor is a device that converts electrical energy into mechanical work. In motors, wire loops are enclosed in a magnetic field. When current flows through the loops, the magnetic field applies torque, which causes the shaft to rotate. The direction of the current is reversed once the loop's surface area is lined up with the magnetic field, causing a constant torque on the loop. During the process,...
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Induced Electric Fields: Applications01:27

Induced Electric Fields: Applications

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An important distinction exists between the electric field induced by a changing magnetic field and the electrostatic field produced by a fixed charge distribution. Specifically, the induced electric field is nonconservative because it does not work in moving a charge over a closed path. In contrast, the electrostatic field is conservative and does no net work over a closed path. Hence, electric potential can be associated with the electrostatic field but not the induced field. The following...
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Motional Emf01:22

Motional Emf

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Magnetic flux depends on three factors: the strength of the magnetic field, the area through which the field lines pass, and the field's orientation with respect to the surface area. If any of these quantities vary, a corresponding variation in magnetic flux occurs. If the area through which the magnetic field lines are passing changes, then the magnetic flux also changes. This change in the area can be of two types: the flux through the rectangular loop increases as it moves into the...
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Updated: Aug 2, 2025

Optimizing Magnetic Force Microscopy Resolution and Sensitivity to Visualize Nanoscale Magnetic Domains
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Mechanical effects: challenges for high-field superconducting magnets.

Xingyi Zhang1, Jinggang Qin2

  • 1Department of Mechanics and Engineering Sciences, College of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Lanzhou University.

National Science Review
|April 20, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Fusion energy offers a sustainable solution to global energy needs. China

Area of Science:

  • Nuclear Fusion Energy
  • Plasma Physics
  • Superconducting Magnet Technology

Background:

  • Fusion energy is a key long-term strategy for sustainable development, requiring high magnetic fields for plasma confinement.
  • International collaboration is underway with the International Thermonuclear Fusion Test Reactor (ITER) aiming for first plasma by 2025.
  • China is a global leader in fusion research, particularly with the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight China's advancements in fusion energy research and technology.
  • To showcase the capabilities of the EAST facility and its contributions to global fusion efforts.
  • To emphasize the role of key research infrastructure and personnel in driving fusion innovation.

Main Methods:

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  • Utilizing superconducting magnets to confine high-temperature plasma for controlled thermonuclear fusion.
  • Operating the EAST Tokamak to achieve and sustain stable plasma conditions.
  • Developing and implementing advanced plasma-facing components and auxiliary heating systems.

    • Main Results:

    • EAST achieved a world record of stable plasma operation at 120 million degrees Celsius for 101 seconds.
    • Significant scientific and technological challenges in fusion reactor engineering have been overcome.
    • China's fusion engineering technology is positioned at the forefront of global advancements.

    Conclusions:

    • China's progress in fusion energy research, exemplified by EAST, provides a strong foundation for ITER and future independent fusion reactors.
    • Continued investment in major scientific and technological infrastructure is crucial for advancing fusion technology.
    • Expertise in plasma physics and fusion engineering positions China as a leader in the global pursuit of fusion energy.