Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Penis01:29

Penis

6.1K
The penis serves a dual role in sexual reproduction and urination. It consists of three main regions: the glans penis, the body, and the root, each with distinct functions and unique anatomical features.
Anatomy of the Penis
The glans penis, or the head, is the terminal part of the penis and houses the external urethral orifice, the exit point for urine and semen. Covered by the prepuce, or foreskin, the glans is noted for its sensitivity and plays a key role in sexual pleasure. The body of the...
6.1K
Accessory Glands of the Male Reproductive System01:16

Accessory Glands of the Male Reproductive System

1.8K
The accessory ducts involved in sperm maturation and transportation include the epididymides, vasa deferentia, ejaculatory ducts, and urethra. These ducts play a critical role in the maturation, storage, and transportation of sperm from the testes to the urethra, where it is then released during ejaculation.
The epididymis is a small, comma-shaped organ located at the back of each testicle. The epididymis can be divided into three main parts: the head, body, and tail. The head of the epididymis...
1.8K
MicroRNAs01:22

MicroRNAs

21.4K
MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns—non-coding regions of a gene—or intergenic regions—stretches of DNA present between genes. Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After...
21.4K
External Female Genitals01:15

External Female Genitals

8.9K
The vulva encompasses the external structures of the female reproductive system. At the forefront is the monpubis, a cushion of fatty tissue atop the pubic bone. Once puberty sets in, this area typically grows hair. Extending from just behind the mons pubis are the labia majora (labia = 'lips'; majora = 'larger'), which are larger skin fs olds coated with hair. Nestled within are the labia minora (labia = 'lips'; minora = 'smaller'), which are thinner, more...
8.9K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Effect of prebiotic intervention on glycemic control and gut microbiome profile in Indian children with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM): a pilot randomised control trial.

Endocrine·2026
Same author

digiBONE: an automated tool for segmental Greulich-Pyle bone age assessment of Indian children and adolescents.

Frontiers in endocrinology·2026
Same author

Screen Time and its Impact on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors among Children and Youth with Type 1 Diabetes (T1D).

Journal of pharmacy & bioallied sciences·2026
Same author

Reference data for peripheral quantitative computed tomography for assessment of bone geometry and strength in Indian children and youth.

Journal of clinical densitometry : the official journal of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry·2026
Same author

Sub-Clinical Peripheral Neuropathy in Indian Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes: Estimation of Prevalence and Modifiable Risk Factors.

Indian journal of endocrinology and metabolism·2026
Same author

Bone health and body composition in Indian girls with Turner syndrome: analysis based on therapeutic interventions.

Endocrine·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 2, 2025

Microscopic Replantation of Penile Glans Amputation Due to Circumcision
07:28

Microscopic Replantation of Penile Glans Amputation Due to Circumcision

Published on: June 3, 2022

19.1K

Micropenis.

Vaman Khadilkar1,2, Shruti A Mondkar3

  • 1Department of Growth and Pediatric Endocrinology, Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Block V Lower Basement, Jehangir Hospital, 32 Sassoon Road, Pune, Maharashtra, 411001, India. vamankhadilkar@gmail.com.

Indian Journal of Pediatrics
|April 20, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Micropenis, defined by stretched penile length (SPL) 2.5 SD below the mean, requires timely hormonal therapy for optimal development. Early intervention in infancy is crucial for achieving functional penile length.

Keywords:
DihydrotestosteroneHypogonadismMicropenisStretched penile lengthTestosterone

More Related Videos

Microscopic Electric Rotary Grinding of Plaques Combined with Graft Repair in the Management of Peyronie's Disease
02:21

Microscopic Electric Rotary Grinding of Plaques Combined with Graft Repair in the Management of Peyronie's Disease

Published on: March 15, 2024

717
Dissection, MicroCT Scanning and Morphometric Analyses of the Baculum
04:32

Dissection, MicroCT Scanning and Morphometric Analyses of the Baculum

Published on: March 19, 2017

7.6K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Aug 2, 2025

Microscopic Replantation of Penile Glans Amputation Due to Circumcision
07:28

Microscopic Replantation of Penile Glans Amputation Due to Circumcision

Published on: June 3, 2022

19.1K
Microscopic Electric Rotary Grinding of Plaques Combined with Graft Repair in the Management of Peyronie's Disease
02:21

Microscopic Electric Rotary Grinding of Plaques Combined with Graft Repair in the Management of Peyronie's Disease

Published on: March 15, 2024

717
Dissection, MicroCT Scanning and Morphometric Analyses of the Baculum
04:32

Dissection, MicroCT Scanning and Morphometric Analyses of the Baculum

Published on: March 19, 2017

7.6K

Area of Science:

  • Pediatric endocrinology
  • Urology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Micropenis is defined as stretched penile length (SPL) 2.5 standard deviations (SD) below the mean for age and sexual stage.
  • International standards suggest cutoffs of <2 cm at birth and <4 cm after age 5 for micropenis evaluation.
  • Normal penile development depends on fetal testicular testosterone production, dihydrotestosterone (DHT) conversion, and androgen receptor action.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the definition, etiologies, diagnostic approaches, and treatment strategies for micropenis.
  • To highlight the importance of early hormonal therapy and the limited role of surgery.
  • To identify the need for long-term studies on treatment outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on micropenis.
  • Analysis of diagnostic criteria and etiological factors.
  • Evaluation of current treatment modalities, including hormonal and surgical options.

Main Results:

  • Etiologies include hypothalamo-pituitary disorders, genetic syndromes, gonadal dysgenesis, and disorders of testosterone synthesis or action.
  • Associated anomalies like hypospadias, scrotal fusion defects, and cryptorchidism suggest disorders of sex development (DSD).
  • Diagnostic assessment involves hormone levels (gonadotropins, testosterone, DHT) and karyotyping.

Conclusions:

  • Hormonal therapy (testosterone, DHT, FSH, LH) is recommended in the neonatal or infancy period to achieve functional penile length.
  • Surgical interventions for micropenis have limited efficacy and variable outcomes.
  • Long-term studies are needed to assess adult penile length following early treatment.