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Related Concept Videos

Ion Exchange01:17

Ion Exchange

630
Ion exchange chromatography separates charged molecules from a solution by reversibly exchanging them with mobile, or 'active', ions associated with the oppositely charged stationary phase. This method can be used to separate ions, soften and deionize water, and purify solutions. The polymers comprising the ion-exchange column are high-molecular-weight and chemically stable polymers, crosslinked to be porous and essentially insoluble. They are also functionalized with either acidic or...
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Solubility of Ionic Compounds02:55

Solubility of Ionic Compounds

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Solubility is the measure of the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in a given quantity of solvent at a given temperature and pressure. Solubility is usually measured in molarity (M) or moles per liter (mol/L). A compound is termed soluble if it dissolves in water.
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Intermolecular Forces03:13

Intermolecular Forces

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Atoms and molecules interact through bonds (or forces): intramolecular and intermolecular. The forces are electrostatic as they arise from interactions (attractive or repulsive) between charged species (permanent, partial, or temporary charges) and exist with varying strengths between ions, polar, nonpolar, and neutral molecules. The different types of intermolecular forces are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion; among these, dipole–dipole, hydrogen...
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Ion-Exchange Chromatography01:09

Ion-Exchange Chromatography

627
Ion-exchange chromatography, or IEC, is a technique for separating ions based on their affinity for the stationary phase. The stationary phase is a cross-linked polymer resin with covalently attached ionic functional groups. The functional groups can be either positively charged (cation exchangers) or negatively charged (anion exchangers). A cation exchanger consists of a polymeric anion and active cations, while an anion exchanger is a polymeric cation with active anions. The choice of...
627
Electrolyte and Nonelectrolyte Solutions02:21

Electrolyte and Nonelectrolyte Solutions

63.4K
Substances that undergo either a physical or a chemical change in solution to yield ions that can conduct electricity are called electrolytes. If a substance yields ions in solution, that is, if the compound undergoes 100% dissociation, then the substance is a strong electrolyte. Complete dissociation is indicated by a single forward arrow. For example, water-soluble ionic compounds like sodium chloride dissociate into sodium cations and chloride anions in aqueous solution.
63.4K
Factors Affecting Solubility04:01

Factors Affecting Solubility

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Compared with pure water, the solubility of an ionic compound is less in aqueous solutions containing a common ion (one also produced by dissolution of the ionic compound). This is an example of a phenomenon known as the common ion effect, which is a consequence of the law of mass action that may be explained using Le Chȃtelier’s principle. Consider the dissolution of silver iodide:
33.6K

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A zwitterionic solution for smart ionic liquids to evade cytotoxicity.

Hsin-Heng Huang1, Jianbo Jia2, Luyao Ren3

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Advanced Institute of Manufacturing with High-tech Innovations, National Chung Cheng University, 621301, Taiwan, ROC.

Journal of Hazardous Materials
|April 20, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Zwitterionic liquids (ZILs) show significantly lower cytotoxicity than ionic liquids (ILs) due to reduced cell membrane penetration. This discovery offers a new design principle for safer, sustainable ZILs.

Keywords:
Biocompatible chemicalsDynamic simulationGreen chemistryHuman healthZwitterionic compounds

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Area of Science:

  • Green Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Toxicology

Background:

  • Ionic liquids (ILs) are versatile solvents but can exhibit significant cytotoxicity.
  • Understanding the relationship between chemical structure and biological impact is crucial for developing safer alternatives.
  • Zwitterionic liquids (ZILs) represent a novel class of ionic compounds with unique structural features.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the cytotoxicity of zwitterionic liquids (ZILs) with structurally related ionic liquids (ILs) in human cell lines.
  • To elucidate the mechanism behind the observed differences in cytotoxicity.
  • To establish a structure-based design principle for developing next-generation sustainable ZILs.

Main Methods:

  • Cytotoxicity assays were performed on human gastric and colon cell lines.
  • Computer simulations were employed to model the interaction of ZILs and ILs with cell membranes.
  • Structure-activity relationships were analyzed to identify key factors influencing cytotoxicity.

Main Results:

  • ZILs demonstrated substantially lower cytotoxicity, with reductions of 146-2740 folds in gastric cells and 112-1550 folds in colon cells compared to ILs.
  • Computer simulations indicated that ZIL molecules exhibit limited penetration of cell membranes, unlike IL molecules.
  • A novel mechanism for ZILs to evade cytotoxicity was identified, linked to their molecular structure.

Conclusions:

  • The unique structure of ZILs, where cation and anion motifs are linked, confers significantly reduced cytotoxicity.
  • Limited cell membrane penetration is a key factor in the lower toxicity of ZILs.
  • These findings provide a foundation for designing safer and more sustainable ZILs for various applications.