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Related Concept Videos

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:13

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore...
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Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for...
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iPS Cell Differentiation01:22

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The ability of induced pluripotent stem cells or iPSCs to differentiate into most body cell types has stimulated repair and regenerative medicine research over the past few decades. iPSC-derived blood cells, hepatocytes, beta islet cells, cardiomyocytes, neurons, and other cell types can repair injuries or regenerate damaged tissue in diseases such as diabetes and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Lineage Commitment01:21

Lineage Commitment

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Commitment is the  process whereby stem cells:
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Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

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Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 2, 2025

Direct Induction of Hemogenic Endothelium and Blood by Overexpression of Transcription Factors in Human Pluripotent Stem Cells
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Endothelial cell direct reprogramming: Past, present, and future.

Seonggeon Cho1, Parthasarathy Aakash1, Sangho Lee1

  • 1Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.

Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology
|April 20, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Direct reprogramming offers a promising cell therapy for ischemic cardiovascular disease by creating endothelial cells (ECs) without pluripotency. This approach bypasses the risks associated with pluripotent stem cells for vascular regeneration.

Keywords:
Cardiovascular diseaseCell therapyDirect reprogrammingEndothelial cellsNeovascularizationRegenerative medicine

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Direct Induction of Hemogenic Endothelium and Blood by Overexpression of Transcription Factors in Human Pluripotent Stem Cells
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Reprogramming Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts with Transcription Factors to Induce a Hemogenic Program
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Area of Science:

  • Regenerative Medicine
  • Cardiovascular Research
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Ischemic cardiovascular disease remains a leading cause of mortality.
  • Cell therapy, particularly inducing neovascularization, is a promising approach.
  • Previous attempts using pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) for endothelial cell (EC) generation faced challenges like differentiation volatility and tumorigenicity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review methods of direct endothelial reprogramming.
  • To discuss challenges and future directions for clinical application of reprogrammed ECs.

Main Methods:

  • Direct reprogramming using lineage-specific transcription factors (TFs) to convert cell fate without pluripotency.
  • Utilizing various delivery methods for reprogramming factors, including non-integrative viral vectors.
  • Employing fibroblasts as a common source cell, with evaluation of other cell types.

Main Results:

  • Directly reprogrammed ECs have successfully induced neovascularization in vitro and in vivo.
  • Reprogrammed ECs demonstrate therapeutic potential in animal models of vascular insufficiency.
  • Ongoing research focuses on improving reprogramming efficiency and maintaining EC characteristics.

Conclusions:

  • Direct endothelial reprogramming presents a viable alternative to PSC-derived ECs for treating vascular insufficiency.
  • Overcoming challenges in efficiency and long-term stability is crucial for clinical translation.
  • Further research into mechanisms and small molecules can enhance the therapeutic application of reprogrammed ECs.