Increased incidence of reproductive disorders associated with short gestation length in Holstein dairy cows

The purpose of the current study was to investigate the effect of gestation length (GL) on productive performance, and the incidence of calving and reproductive diseases in Holstein dairy cows. In total, 3800 Holstein singleton cows (2000 heifers and 1800 cows) from two commercial dairy farms were used. The average gestation length for 3800 cows was 276 ± 6 d. Cows with GL shorter or longer than 3 SD from the mean were removed and considered outliers. This process led to the elimination of 20 cows from the 3800 cows enrolled in the study. Therefore, 3780 cows (1994 heifers and 1786 cows) remained for data analysis, with a range of GL between 258 and 294 d. The mean of GL for the remaining 3780 cows in the study was 276 ± 5 d, which were classified as short (SGL; more than 1SD less than the population mean, mean = 267, range 258-270 d), average (AGL; population mean ± 1SD, mean = 276, range 271-281 d), and long (LGL; more than 1SD greater than the population mean, mean = 284, range 282-294 d) gestation length. In primiparous cows, the incidence of stillbirth, retained placenta, metritis, and clinical endometritis were higher in the SGL cows than in the AGL cows, but the incidence of dystocia was similar across groups. In multiparous cows, the incidence of dystocia, retained placenta, and metritis were higher in the SGL cows than in the AGL cows, and the incidence of stillbirth was higher in the SGL and LGL cows than in the AGL cows. In primiparous cows, milk yield was not different across groups. However, in multiparous cows, the SGL cows had lower milk yield than the AGL cows. In primiparous cows, the SGL cows had lower colostrum production than the AGL cows, but in multiparous cows, there was no difference in colostrum production across groups. In general, cows with either short or long gestation length had impaired health and production, but this impact was more pronounced in cows with short gestation length.