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Updated: Aug 2, 2025

Isolation and Identification of Waterborne Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria and Molecular Characterization of their Antibiotic Resistance Genes
Published on: March 3, 2023
Epidemiology and risk factors for carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae carriage in the hospital: A
Min Fan1, Shuk-Ching Wong2, Qiuyan Yu1
1Centre for Safe Medication Practice and Research, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
Objectives:
This study aims to study the epidemiology of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) in Hong Kong.
Methods:
This is a longitudinal population-based study reporting monthly CPE incidence rate and a nested case-control study for identifying risk factors for CPE carriage. The cases were patients with at least one CPE-positive genotypic test, while the controls were randomly selected from the cohort with negative tests. Up to four controls per case were matched by sex, age group, and admission year-month. The independent risk factors were identified from a conditional logistic regression with potential covariates.
Results:
From 1 January 2008 to 31 December 2019, 8588 patients received CPE genotyping tests, and 2353 had at least one positive result. Class B carbapenemase was the predominant enzyme in the samples (78.6%). The incidence rate increased from 0.04 in 2015 to 1.62 in 2019 per 10,000 person-year. In the nested case-control study, 1709 cases and 6664 controls were matched. Previous use of any beta-lactam antibiotics (odds ratio:1.37 [1.22-1.53], P < 0.001) was found as an independent risk factor for carriage of CPE.
Conclusion:
The carriage of CPE was found with an increasing trend in Hong Kong. Previous use of any beta-lactam antibiotics is a risk factor for CPE.
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