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Related Concept Videos

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Metacognition is a conscious process where individuals are aware of their cognitive and executive processes, such as planning before solving a problem or self-monitoring during reading. For instance, a writer may need help with composing a piece. The situation involves a writer who is working on a piece of writing, but while doing so, they realize that something is missing. They notice that their characters lack depth or details. This realization occurs because the writer is reflecting on their...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 2, 2025

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Metacognition in working memory: Confidence judgments during an n-back task.

Nadia Conte1, Beth Fairfield2, Caterina Padulo2

  • 1Department of Psychological, Health and Territory Sciences, G. D'Annunzio University of Chieti, 66100 Chieti, Italy.

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Summary

This study explored metacognition in verbal working memory (WM). While confidence judgments reflected task difficulty, participants remained overconfident, indicating poor awareness of their actual performance accuracy.

Keywords:
FamiliarityInterference in WMLuresMetacognitionN-back taskRecollectionWorking memory monitoringWorking memory updating

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Metacognition, or awareness of one's own cognition, is less studied in working memory (WM) compared to episodic memory.
  • Investigating confidence judgments during verbal WM tasks is crucial for understanding metacognitive accuracy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine if individuals are aware of their performance during an ongoing verbal WM task.
  • To assess if confidence judgments in WM are influenced by factors affecting performance, such as memory load and interference.

Main Methods:

  • A verbal n-back task was modified to collect trial-by-trial confidence judgments.
  • Experimental manipulations included varying memory load and lure interference.

Main Results:

  • Metacognitive judgments were sensitive to memory load and interference, mirroring performance accuracy.
  • Despite this sensitivity, participants exhibited overconfidence and poor metacognitive accuracy in distinguishing correct from incorrect responses.

Conclusions:

  • Metacognitive judgments during WM tasks are influenced by performance-related factors.
  • Individuals often display overconfidence and limited accuracy in assessing their WM performance, highlighting a gap in self-awareness.