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The Phosphorus Cycle01:21

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Unlike carbon, water, and nitrogen, phosphorus is not present in the atmosphere as a gas. Instead, most phosphorus in the ecosystem exists as compounds, such as phosphate ions (PO43-), found in soil, water, sediment and rocks. Phosphorus is often a limiting nutrient (i.e., in short supply). Consequently, phosphorus is added to most agricultural fertilizers, which can cause environmental problems related to runoff in aquatic ecosystems.
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Roles of Electrolytes: Calcium and Phosphate01:27

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Calcium and phosphate are essential electrolytes in the human body, with calcium being the most abundant mineral. Around 99% of the body's calcium is stored in the skeleton and teeth, forming a crystal lattice of mineral salts in combination with phosphates. Calcium plays crucial roles in various bodily functions such as blood clotting, neurotransmitter release, muscle tone maintenance, and nervous and muscle tissue excitability.
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Phosphoinositides and PIPs01:42

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Phosphoinositides are a group of phospholipids containing a glycerol backbone with two fatty acid chains and a phosphate attached to a myoinositol sugar ring. The inositol head group extends into the cytoplasm, where it is modified by adding phosphate groups to form phosphatidylinositol phosphates or PIPs.
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Phosphorylation01:02

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The addition or removal of phosphate groups from proteins is the most common chemical modification that regulates cellular processes. These modifications can affect the structure, activity, stability, and localization of proteins within cells as well as their interactions with other proteins.
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The phosphate buffer system is a critical biological mechanism for maintaining pH stability in the body. This system operates primarily through two components: sodium dihydrogen phosphate (NaH2PO4), which acts as a weak acid, and sodium hydrogen phosphate (Na2HPO4), which serves as a weak base.
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Introduction to Electrolytes01:33

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In humans, electrolytes play a vital role in various physiological processes. Balancing electrolyte levels is essential for normal body functions; their imbalance can be life-threatening. The major electrolytes include sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, phosphate, and bicarbonate. They are primarily involved in physiological processes, such as nerve signal transmission, membrane trafficking, muscle contraction, buffering body fluids, and balancing water levels in the body.
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Measuring Phosphorus Release in Laboratory Microcosms for Water Quality Assessment
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Phosphorus Inventory for the Conterminous United States (2002-2012).

Robert D Sabo1, Christopher M Clark1, David A Gibbs2

  • 1Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, U.S. EPA, Washington, DC, USA.

Journal of Geophysical Research. Biogeosciences
|April 24, 2023
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Summary

Reducing phosphorus (P) pollution is crucial for preventing harmful algal blooms. This study provides standardized estimates of P inputs and outputs across the U.S. to guide water quality improvements.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Water Quality Management
  • Nutrient Cycling

Background:

  • Efforts to reduce phosphorus (P) pollution for water quality improvement are not consistently effective.
  • Lack of standardized P input/output data hinders evaluation of watershed management practices.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To create a standardized inventory of phosphorus (P) trends across the conterminous United States.
  • To assess P fluxes from agricultural, atmospheric, and human sources at the subbasin scale.

Main Methods:

  • Compiled publicly available datasets for P fluxes (agricultural, atmospheric, human waste, point source) for 2002, 2007, and 2012.
  • Developed estimates of agricultural legacy P surplus from 1945 to 2001.
  • Analyzed P trends at the 8-digit Hydrologic Unit Code subbasin scale.

Main Results:

  • Agricultural P inputs (fertilizer, manure) frequently exceed crop removal, leading to legacy P accumulation.
  • Increased atmospheric P deposition in the Rockies may impact surface water P concentrations.
  • Urban P fluxes declined in some areas due to P-reduction policies, despite population growth.

Conclusions:

  • Standardized P accounting is essential for coordinating targeted interventions to reduce national water P concentrations.
  • Understanding both contemporary and legacy P sources is key to effective water quality management.