Breaking Bias: The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Improving Clinical Decision-Making

This case report reflects on a delayed diagnosis for a 27-year-old woman who reported chest pain and shortness of breath to the emergency department. The treating clinician reflects upon how cognitive biases influenced their diagnostic process and how multiple missed opportunities resulted in missteps. Using artificial intelligence (AI) tools for clinical decision-making, we suggest how AI could augment the clinician, and in this case, delayed diagnosis avoided. Incorporating AI tools into clinical decision-making brings potential benefits, including improved diagnostic accuracy and addressing human factors contributing to medical errors. For example, they may support a real-time interpretation of medical imaging and assist clinicians in generating a differential diagnosis in ensuring that critical diagnoses are considered. However, it is vital to be aware of the potential pitfalls associated with the use of AI, such as automation bias, input data quality issues, limited clinician training in interpreting AI methods, and the legal and ethical considerations associated with their use. The report draws attention to the utility of AI clinical decision-support tools in overcoming human cognitive biases. It also emphasizes the importance of clinicians developing skills needed to steward the adoption of AI tools in healthcare and serve as patient advocates, ensuring safe and effective use of health data.