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Mini-puberty testosterone and infant autistic traits.

Alex Tsompanidis1, Sarah Hampton2, Ezra Aydin3

  • 1Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.

Frontiers in Endocrinology
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Summary

Postnatal testosterone levels during infant mini-puberty did not correlate with autistic traits in toddlers. This suggests prenatal hormone exposure, not early postnatal levels, may be more influential in autism development.

Keywords:
autismautistic traitsinfantlongitudinalmini-pubertytestosterone

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Endocrinology
  • Developmental Psychology

Background:

  • Mini-puberty, a period of elevated steroid hormones in early infancy, presents early sex differences.
  • Autistic traits exhibit sex differences later in development, with prenatal testosterone linked to autistic traits.
  • Previous research found no association between postnatal testosterone and autistic traits, and no studies have longitudinally examined mini-puberty's role or its interactions with sex or autism history.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To longitudinally investigate salivary testosterone levels during infant mini-puberty.
  • To examine the association between testosterone levels during mini-puberty and autistic traits at 18 months.
  • To test for interactions between mini-puberty testosterone levels, infant sex, and autism family history.

Main Methods:

  • The study utilized data from the Cambridge Human Imaging and Longitudinal Development Study (CHILD), a prospective enriched cohort.
  • Salivary testosterone was measured at 2 and 6 months of age.
  • Autistic traits were assessed at 18 months using the Quantitative Checklist of Autism in Toddlers (Q-CHAT).

Main Results:

  • Salivary testosterone levels were significantly higher during mini-puberty (2-3 months) compared to later (6 months) in both sexes.
  • No significant sex differences in testosterone levels were observed during mini-puberty.
  • Postnatal testosterone levels were not associated with autistic traits, nor were there interactions with infant sex, autism family history, or later testosterone levels.

Conclusions:

  • Infants exhibit elevated salivary testosterone during mini-puberty, but this was not linked to later autistic traits or autism family history in this sample.
  • These findings suggest that prenatal testosterone exposure may be more critical than postnatal levels for understanding autism's origins.
  • Larger sample sizes are recommended for future research to further explore these relationships.