Tracking the temporal dynamics of the face-like inversion effect as revealed by Chinese characters using...

The neural basis of configural processing has been extensively studied by exploiting face inversion during recognition, and growing evidence has revealed that word inversion also involves changes in configuration. However, the neural dynamics of face-like inversion effects remain unclear. Here, we tracked the temporal dynamics of neural responses that were sensitive to inversion during Chinese character recognition as they occurred during face recognition using multivariate decoding and temporal generalization analyses. We recorded magnetoencephalography while participants performed a one-back task for faces, compound characters, and simple characters with upright and inverted orientations. We showed that the inversion effect (inverted versus upright) can be decoded at occipitotemporal sensors for all stimulus types over and across time points, with a stronger impact on faces and compound characters than on simple characters. The inversion effect occurred earlier and lasted longer for faces than for characters, and the effect was also stronger for compound characters than for simple characters. Finally, we demonstrated inversion effects in the event-related field for all stimulus types and identified their sources in the ventral occipitotemporal areas. Overall, this study provides novel evidence for the temporal dynamics of the face-like inversion effect occurring during Chinese character recognition.