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Related Concept Videos

Quality of Water01:19

Quality of Water

142
In concrete preparation, the quality of water is paramount as it affects the strength and durability of the concrete. Potable water is usually preferred; however, it must not have excessive sodium or potassium to prevent compromising the concrete's integrity. Water quality is typically evaluated based on impurities such as dissolved solids, chlorides, and sulfates, and its pH value is ideally between 6 and 8. Even slightly acidic natural water may be acceptable unless it contains harmful...
142
Testing Water Quality01:14

Testing Water Quality

149
When the quality of water for concrete preparation is uncertain, its impact on the setting time of cement and compressive strength of mortar is assessed by comparison with de-ionized or distilled water benchmarks. American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) C1602 requires the setting times to be within 90 minutes of the control, British Standard (BS) 3146:1980 allows a 30-minute variance in the initial setting, while British Standards European Norm (BS EN) 1008 specifies initial setting...
149
Decision Making: P-value Method01:09

Decision Making: P-value Method

5.6K
The process of hypothesis testing based on the P-value method includes calculating the P- value using the sample data and interpreting it.
First, a specific claim about the population parameter is proposed. The claim is based on the research question and is stated in a simple form. Further, an opposing statement to the claim  is also stated. These statements can act as null and alternative hypotheses:  a null hypothesis would be a neutral statement while the alternative hypothesis can...
5.6K
Water and Mineral Acquisition02:34

Water and Mineral Acquisition

33.4K
Specialized tissues in plant roots have evolved to capture water, minerals, and some ions from the soil. Roots exhibit a variety of branching patterns that facilitate this process. The outermost root cells have specialized structures called root hairs that increase the root surface, thus increasing soil contact. Water can passively cross into roots, as the concentration of water in the soil is higher than that of the root tissue. Minerals, in contrast, are actively transported into root cells.
33.4K
States of Water01:23

States of Water

51.0K
Water exists in any one of the three classical states: solid (ice), liquid (water), and gas (steam or water vapor). The state of water depends on i) the intermolecular forces that draw molecules together and ii) the kinetic energy that leads to movements that pull them apart.
Water freezes when the intermolecular forces are greater than the kinetic energy. Unlike most other substances, water is less dense in its solid state than in its liquid state. This is because each water molecule can form...
51.0K
Design Example: Analyzing Capacity Contours for Flood Risk Assessment01:17

Design Example: Analyzing Capacity Contours for Flood Risk Assessment

82
Flood risk assessment involves careful planning and analysis to ensure the safety of communities near water retention structures. Capacity contours are a vital tool in this process, as they illustrate the potential spread of water at specific levels in a given area. In the context of building a bund across a small valley, these contours play a critical role in evaluating the safety of nearby residential areas.In this example, the bund is intended to store stormwater in the valley. The engineers...
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Spatial Multiobjective Optimization of Agricultural Conservation Practices using a SWAT Model and an Evolutionary Algorithm
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Perspectives on valuing water quality improvements using stated preference methods.

Ian J Bateman1, Bonnie Keeler2, Sheila M Olmstead3

  • 1Land, Environment, Economics and Policy Institute, Department of Economics, University of Exeter Business School, Exeter, EX4 4PU, United Kingdom.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|April 24, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Valuing freshwater quality improvements is key for policy. Recent stated preference surveys enhance economic estimates of recreational and biodiversity benefits, aiding water quality investment decisions.

Keywords:
economicsstated preferencevaluationwater quality

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental economics
  • Water resource management
  • Ecological valuation

Background:

  • Freshwater quality improvements yield significant use (recreation) and nonuse (biodiversity) benefits.
  • Economic valuation of water quality lags behind air quality, impacting policy decisions.
  • Nonmarket values are crucial for determining optimal investment in water quality.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a perspective on advancements in valuing nonmarket benefits of water quality improvements.
  • To review recent applications of stated preference techniques in environmental valuation.
  • To address key questions regarding the valuation of water quality benefits.

Main Methods:

  • Focus on stated preference survey methods for economic valuation.
  • Review of recent innovations in data sources and modeling techniques.
  • Analysis structured around four core questions on valuation and policy.

Main Results:

  • Stated preference techniques offer improved estimates of water quality benefits.
  • Recent applications demonstrate advancements in valuing both use and nonuse benefits.
  • Methodological improvements enhance the reliability of economic valuation studies.

Conclusions:

  • Enhanced economic valuation of water quality is vital for effective environmental policy.
  • Stated preference methods are advancing the field of environmental valuation.
  • Improved valuation supports better decision-making for freshwater resource management.