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Related Concept Videos

Physiology of Enteric Nervous System and Gut Health01:05

Physiology of Enteric Nervous System and Gut Health

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The gastrointestinal tract, responsible for the digestion and absorption of nutrients, is safeguarded by the intestinal barrier, which consists of secretory, physical, and immune components. At the forefront is the secretory barrier, composed of essential elements such as mucus, gut microbiota, and defense proteins. They collaborate to break down food particles, facilitate nutrient absorption, and maintain optimal gut health. These secretory components ensure the smooth functioning of the...
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Anatomy of the Intestines01:23

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Although digestion of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids may begin in the stomach, it is completed in the intestine. The absorption of nutrients, water, and electrolytes from food and drink also occurs in the intestine. The intestines can be divided into two structurally distinct organs—the small and large intestines.
Small Intestines
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Irritable Bowel Syndrome I: Introduction01:17

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Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is characterized by functional disturbances in the gastrointestinal system, presenting a cluster of symptoms without evident structural or biochemical abnormalities. It primarily affects the large intestine and may cause abdominal pain, bloating, excessive gas, diarrhea, constipation, or both.
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Physiology of the Gastrointestinal System II: Digestion and Absorption01:22

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The gastrointestinal (GI) tract, extending from the mouth to the anus, plays a pivotal role in the digestion and absorption of nutrients. This process involves both mechanical and chemical actions facilitated by various enzymes.
Digestion begins in the mouth, where food undergoes mechanical breakdown by chewing and combines with saliva. Salivary amylase, an enzyme in saliva, starts the breakdown of starches into maltose. The food then travels down the esophagus to the stomach.
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Bacterial Flora of the Large Intestine01:29

Bacterial Flora of the Large Intestine

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The gut microbiome is formed by a vast and diverse community of bacteria that colonizes our large intestine. These bacteria start residing in the gut from birth and continue diversifying throughout life, influenced by factors such as diet, lifestyle, and stress. The gut bacterial community also includes bacteria from food and those that enter the colon through the anus.
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What is Monogastric Digestion?01:50

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The human body contains a monogastric digestive system. In a monogastric digestive system, the stomach only contains one chamber in which it digests food. Several other animal species also have monogastric digestive systems, including pigs, horses, dogs, and birds. This chapter, however, focuses on the human digestive system.
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Updated: Aug 1, 2025

A Gut-on-a-Chip Model to Study the Gut Microbiome-Nervous System Axis
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[Brain-Gut-Microbiota Axis].

Ayoung Lee1, Ju Yup Lee2, Sung Won Jung3

  • 1Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan, Korea.

The Korean Journal of Gastroenterology = Taehan Sohwagi Hakhoe Chi
|April 25, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Stress impacts gut health via the brain-gut-microbiota axis. This axis involves bidirectional communication influencing gastrointestinal and brain function, crucial for conditions like irritable bowel syndrome.

Keywords:
Brain-gut axisInflammatory bowel diseasesIrritable bowel syndromeMicrobiotaPhysiopathology

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Area of Science:

  • Neurogastroenterology
  • Microbiome research
  • Gut-brain interactions

Context:

  • The brain-gut axis, established over a century ago, describes the bidirectional communication between the central nervous system and the gastrointestinal tract.
  • Recent advancements recognize the gut microbiota's critical role, expanding the concept to the brain-gut-microbiota axis.
  • This axis is fundamental to understanding gastrointestinal (GI) symptom perception and disease pathophysiology.

Purpose:

  • To review the evolving concept of the brain-gut-microbiota axis.
  • To summarize the mechanisms of communication (neuronal, immune, endocrine) between the brain, gut, and microbiota.
  • To discuss the implications for gastrointestinal diseases, particularly functional GI disorders and inflammatory bowel disease.

Summary:

  • The brain influences GI motility, secretion, and immunity, affecting gut microbiota composition and function.
  • Gut microbiota plays a vital role in the development and function of the brain and enteric nervous system.
  • Communication occurs via neuronal, immune, and endocrine pathways, though mechanisms are still being elucidated.

Impact:

  • Understanding the brain-gut-microbiota axis offers new insights into the pathophysiology of functional GI disorders like irritable bowel syndrome.
  • This knowledge can inform clinical practice and the development of novel therapeutic strategies for GI diseases.
  • Highlights the interconnectedness of the gut microbiome, brain, and digestive system in health and disease.