Recent Advances in Carbon-Based Electrodes for Energy Storage and Conversion

Area of Science:

• Materials Science
• Nanotechnology
• Electrochemistry

Background:

• Carbon-based nanomaterials (graphene, fullerenes, carbon nanotubes) offer unique properties for energy applications.
• High porosity, structural stability, and tunable features make them ideal for energy storage and conversion.
• Atomic and electronic level advancements are vital for efficient and durable energy devices.

Purpose of the Study:

• To provide a comprehensive review of carbon nanomaterials in energy storage and conversion.
• To highlight strategies for enhancing material performance.
• To outline guidelines for designing optimal energy devices.

Main Methods:

• Review of state-of-the-art research on carbon nanomaterials.
• Focus on supercapacitors, lithium-ion batteries, sodium-ion batteries, and hydrogen evolution reactions.
• Analysis of performance enhancement strategies including nonmetallic doping (N, B, S, P) and structural modifications.

Main Results:

• Nonmetallic elemental doping (N, B, S, P) and structural modifications (defect sites, edge functionalization, inter-layer distance manipulation) significantly enhance performance.
• These strategies are crucial for optimizing carbon-based electrodes.
• The review covers individual doping, codoping, and various structural engineering approaches.

Conclusions:

• Carbon-based nanomaterials are critical for next-generation energy technologies.
• Strategic doping and structural modifications offer pathways to superior energy storage and conversion devices.
• Further research into challenges and future prospects is essential for advancing carbon electrode technology.