Moving beyond single-agent checkpoint inhibition in biliary tract cancers: what is the next frontier?

Background: Immunotherapy has been shown to improve outcomes for patients with cancer. Biliary tract cancers are a group of lethal diseases, and immunotherapy is an exciting new strategy to treat patients in advanced stages. Role of immunotherapy in biliary cancers: Durvalumab, an anti-PD-L1 antibody, is a new immunotherapy option for patients with advanced biliary cancers. In a randomized phase III trial, the combination of durvalumab and chemotherapy improved disease outcomes, including overall survival, in patients with advanced biliary cancers regardless of PD-L1 expression. Future perspective: Promising new combinations with new and potent antibodies or antiangiogenics are under development. Combinations with new immunotherapy agents targeting CTLA-4 or OX40 can enhance T-cell activation and improve outcomes compared with single anti-PD-1/PD-L1 agents. Furthermore, ctDNA is being used as an alternative to tissue genomic analysis and can be used to identify actionable targets. In this review, we will discuss the most important studies involving immunotherapy in biliary cancers as well as future perspectives in the field.