Isolation and Characteristics of a Novel Aichivirus D from Yak

Aichivirus D (AiV-D) is a newly emerging Kobuvirus detected in bovine and sheep, and information is limited regarding its biological significance and prevalence. This study aimed to explore both the prevalence and characteristics of AiV-D in yaks. From May to August 2021, 117 fecal samples were collected from yaks with diarrhea in three provinces of China's Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, 15 of which were selected and pooled for metagenomic analysis. A high abundance of AiV-D sequences was obtained. Of the 117 diarrhea samples, 29 (24.8%) tested AiV-D-positive, including 33.3% (14/42) from Sichuan, 21.1% (8/38) from Qinghai, and 18.9% (7/37) from Tibet, respectively, suggesting a wide geographical distribution of the AiV-D in yaks in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Furthermore, three AiV-D strains were successfully isolated using Vero cells. Significantly, the AiV-D strain could cause diarrhea, intestinal bleeding, and inflammation in yak calves via oral inoculation. The virus was distributed in the ileum, jejunum, duodenum, colon, cecum, and rectum. Based on phylogenetic analysis of the genome and capsid protein P1 (VP0, VP3, and VP1 genes), the yak AiV-D strains likely represent a novel genotype of AiV-D. On the whole, this study identified a novel genotype of AiV-D from yaks, which was successfully isolated, and confirmed that this virus is a diarrhea pathogen in yaks and has a wide geographical distribution in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Our results expand the host range of AiV-D and the pathogen spectrum of yaks and have significant implications for diagnosing and controlling diarrhea in yaks. IMPORTANCE In this study, we identified and successfully isolated a novel genotype of AiV-D from yaks. Animal infection confirmed that this virus can cause diarrhea, intestinal bleeding, and inflammation in yak calves via oral inoculation. The virus was distributed in the ileum, jejunum, cecum, duodenum, colon, and rectum. All of these results have significant implications for diagnosing and controlling diarrhea in yaks. These novel AiV-D strains have a wide geographical distribution in yaks from the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in China. In addition to expanding the host range of AiV-D and the pathogen spectrum of yaks, these findings can increase knowledge of the prevalence and diversity of AiV-D.