Hand hygiene knowledge and demonstrated technique among Malawian kindergarten children: A quasi-experimental study

To evaluate hand hygiene knowledge and demonstrated technique before and after implementation of the hand hygiene programme and its sustainability among Malawian kindergarten students.

Quasi-experimental design, utilizing a repeated measure at three points, namely, before intervention (T₀ ), soon after intervention (T₁ ) and follow-up (T₂ ).

The hand hygiene programme consisted of integrating hand hygiene protocol into the school health curriculum, setting up proper handwashing facilities, training school teachers, health talks and developing reminders on hand hygiene. Fifty-three kindergarten children aged 3-6 years were enrolled in the programme. Data were collected at 3 months' intervals (T₀ , T₁ , and T₂ ). Parents, teachers, school authorities and children were involved in the implementation and evaluation of the intervention, utilizing a multilevel approach.

There was a significant difference in knowledge scores across three time points (T₀ , T₁ and T₂ ), Chi-Square (2, n = 53) = 79.02, p < 0.005 and handwashing technique across the three time points, Chi-Square (2, n = 53) = 88.04, p < 0.005. There was a large effect size of 0.62 on the effect of handwashing technique scores from T₀ to T_1.