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Fabrication of Mechanically Tunable and Bioactive Metal Scaffolds for Biomedical Applications
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3D printed TPMS structural PLA/GO scaffold: Process parameter optimization, porous structure, mechanical and

Wang Guo1, Yanjuan Yang2, Chao Liu2

  • 1Guangxi Key Laboratory of Manufacturing System and Advanced Manufacturing Technology, School of Mechanical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China; State Key Laboratory of Featured Metal Materials and Life-cycle Safety for Composite Structures, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China.

Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials
|April 26, 2023
PubMed
Summary

This study developed advanced polylactic acid (PLA) bone scaffolds using graphene oxide (GO) and triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) structures via 3D printing. The resulting scaffolds exhibit enhanced mechanical and biological properties for bone tissue engineering applications.

Keywords:
Biological propertiesFused deposition modeling (FDM)Graphene oxide (GO)Mechanical propertiesPolymer scaffoldTriply periodic minimal surface (TPMS)

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Tissue Engineering
  • Additive Manufacturing

Background:

  • Bone scaffolds require optimal biocompatibility, mechanical strength, and biological activity, influenced by material composition, porous architecture, and fabrication methods.
  • Polylactic acid (PLA) is a common biomaterial, but its mechanical and biological properties can be enhanced for bone regeneration.
  • Triply Periodic Minimal Surface (TPMS) structures offer unique advantages in load-bearing and cell interaction compared to traditional lattice designs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and evaluate novel polylactic acid/graphene oxide (PLA/GO) bone scaffolds with TPMS architecture fabricated by fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printing.
  • To optimize FDM process parameters for PLA to achieve high-quality scaffold fabrication.
  • To investigate the impact of graphene oxide addition and TPMS structure on the mechanical and biological performance of PLA scaffolds for bone tissue engineering.

Main Methods:

  • Orthogonal experimental design was used to optimize FDM printing parameters for PLA.
  • PLA/GO nanocomposites were prepared, and their mechanical properties were tested.
  • TPMS (Schwarz-P, Gyroid) and grid structures were designed and fabricated using FDM with PLA/GO.
  • Mechanical compression tests and in vitro cell culture studies (BMSC adhesion, proliferation, osteogenic differentiation) were performed.

Main Results:

  • Optimized FDM parameters improved PLA forming quality and mechanical properties.
  • Addition of 0.1% GO significantly increased PLA's tensile and compression modulus by over 35%.
  • TPMS scaffolds demonstrated superior compression strength over grid structures due to uniform stress distribution.
  • Bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) exhibited enhanced adhesion, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation on TPMS PLA/GO scaffolds.

Conclusions:

  • The developed TPMS structural PLA/GO scaffolds show promising potential for bone repair applications.
  • Co-designing material composition (PLA/GO), porous structure (TPMS), and fabrication technology (FDM) is a feasible strategy for enhancing bone scaffold performance.
  • The study highlights the benefits of TPMS architecture for improved mechanical integrity and cellular response in polymer-based bone scaffolds.