Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Higher Mental Functions of Brain: Learning and Memory

Higher Mental Functions of Brain: Learning and Memory

Memory is one of the most vital higher mental functions of the brain. Memory is closely related to learning because it enables us to retain information and experiences from our past to use them in our present life. It also helps us to remember facts, events, and skills, such as riding a bike or swimming. There are two types of memory — declarative memory, which involves memorizing facts or events, and procedural memory, which enables us to remember how to do something like writing or...

Long-Term Memory

Long-Term Memory

Long-term memory is a relatively permanent type of memory, capable of storing vast amounts of information over extended periods. Its storage capacity is generally considered unlimited.
Long-term memory can be categorized into two primary types: explicit and implicit memory. Explicit memory, also known as declarative memory, involves the conscious recollection of information that we deliberately try to remember, recall, and articulate. This type of memory encompasses specific facts, events, and...

Storage

Storage

A schema is a mental framework that helps individuals organize and interpret information. Schemata, formed from previous experiences, influence how we process new information: how we encode it, the inferences we make, and how we retrieve it. For instance, a schema for what a typical classroom looks like might include desks, a teacher's desk, a whiteboard, and students in such an environment. This expectation helps us quickly understand and navigate new classrooms without needing to analyze...

Encoding

Encoding

Information enters the brain through encoding, which is the input of information into the memory system. Once sensory information is received from the environment, the brain labels or codes it. The information is then organized with similar information and connected to existing concepts. Encoding occurs through automatic processing and effortful processing.
Automatic processing involves the encoding of details like time, space, frequency, and the meaning of words, usually done without conscious...

Sensory Memory

Sensory Memory

Sensory memory captures information from the environment in its original form for a very brief duration, just long enough to be exposed to visual, auditory, and other senses. This type of memory is detailed and rich but quickly lost unless certain strategies are employed to transfer it into short-term or long-term memory. Sensory information is continuously bombarding the human brain, yet only a small fraction is absorbed, as most of it does not significantly impact daily life. For instance,...

Associative Learning

Associative Learning

Associative learning is a fundamental concept in behavioral psychology, wherein a connection is established between two stimuli or events, leading to a learned response. This process is critical in understanding how behaviors are acquired and modified. Conditioning, the mechanism through which associations are formed, can be divided into two main types: classical conditioning and operant conditioning, each elucidating different aspects of associative learning.
Classical conditioning, also known...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Facility-Based Assessment of Emergency Obstetric and Neonatal Care in Vanga Health Zone, Kwilu Province, Democratic Republic of Congo.

Wellcome open research·2026

Same author

Retraction Note: Multisensory learning binds neurons into a cross-modal memory engram.

Nature·2026

Same author

Sexual dimorphism in the complete connectome of the <i>Drosophila</i> male central nervous system.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2025

Same author

Connectomics Reveals a Feed-Forward Swallowing Circuit Driving Protein Appetite.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2025

Same author

Twists to Classical Conditioning of Adult <i>Drosophila</i>.

Cold Spring Harbor protocols·2024

Same author

Classical Conditioning of Adult <i>Drosophila</i>.

Cold Spring Harbor protocols·2024

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 1, 2025

Aversive Associative Learning and Memory Formation by Pairing Two Chemicals in Caenorhabditis elegans

Aversive Associative Learning and Memory Formation by Pairing Two Chemicals in Caenorhabditis elegans

Published on: June 23, 2022

Multisensory learning binds neurons into a cross-modal memory engram.

Zeynep Okray¹, Pedro F Jacob², Ciara Stern²

¹Centre for Neural Circuits & Behaviour, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. zokray@gmail.com.

|April 26, 2023

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Multisensory learning in fruit flies enhances memory by linking different senses. This brain process involves specific neurons, improving recall and recognition through cross-modal neural connections.

More Related Videos

Cross-Modal Multivariate Pattern Analysis

Cross-Modal Multivariate Pattern Analysis

Published on: November 9, 2011

Testing Sensory and Multisensory Function in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Testing Sensory and Multisensory Function in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Published on: April 22, 2015

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Aug 1, 2025

Aversive Associative Learning and Memory Formation by Pairing Two Chemicals in Caenorhabditis elegans

Aversive Associative Learning and Memory Formation by Pairing Two Chemicals in Caenorhabditis elegans

Published on: June 23, 2022

Cross-Modal Multivariate Pattern Analysis

Cross-Modal Multivariate Pattern Analysis

Published on: November 9, 2011

Testing Sensory and Multisensory Function in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Testing Sensory and Multisensory Function in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Published on: April 22, 2015

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Sensory processing
Memory formation

Background:

Associating multiple sensory cues is crucial for object recognition and memory.
Neural mechanisms underlying sensory binding during learning remain largely unknown.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the neural mechanisms of multisensory memory binding in Drosophila.
To understand how combining sensory cues enhances memory performance.

Main Methods:

Demonstrated multisensory appetitive and aversive memory in Drosophila.
Utilized temporal control of neuronal function and voltage imaging in head-fixed flies.
Investigated the role of mushroom body Kenyon cells (KCs) and dopaminergic reinforcement.

Main Results:

Combining visual and olfactory cues improved memory performance in Drosophila.
Visually selective KCs are essential for enhancing both visual and olfactory memory after multisensory training.
Multisensory learning binds activity between modality-specific KC streams, creating multimodal neuronal responses.

Conclusions:

Multisensory learning strengthens memory by expanding the neural representation (engram) across sensory modalities.
This cross-modal binding enhances memory performance and allows single sensory features to retrieve multimodal memories.
Dopamine-mediated inhibition and serotonergic neurons play a key role in bridging modality-specific neural pathways.