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Persistent gender differences in spatial ability, even in STEM experts.

Elina S Tsigeman1, Maxim V Likhanov2, Anna V Budakova1

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Spatial ability (SA) is linked to STEM expertise, with STEM experts outperforming others. Gender differences in SA persist even among STEM experts, highlighting ongoing disparities.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Educational Psychology
  • Human Development

Background:

  • Spatial ability (SA) exhibits significant individual variability.
  • Interest and engagement in spatial activities are proposed explanations for SA differences.
  • Previous research suggests links between SA and activities like tinkering, sports, and design, but findings are inconsistent.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the robustness of links between SA and expertise in STEM, arts, and sports.
  • To compare SA in expert groups with unselected adolescent peers.
  • To assess the persistence of gender differences in SA within expert groups.

Main Methods:

  • Collected data on ten small-scale SA tests from an unselected adolescent sample (N=864).
  • Collected data from three expert adolescent samples: STEM (N=667), Arts (N=280), and Sports (N=444).
  • Compared SA performance across unselected and expert groups, analyzing gender differences within each group.

Main Results:

  • STEM experts significantly outperformed unselected peers and experts in Arts and Sports across all SA tasks.
  • Gender differences in SA were observed across all samples, including STEM experts, with moderate effect sizes.
  • No significant links were found between SA and expertise in Arts or Sports.

Conclusions:

  • Findings support a strong association between spatial ability and STEM-related expertise.
  • Expertise in arts and sports does not show a significant link to enhanced spatial ability.
  • Gender disparities in spatial ability remain evident, even in groups with high STEM expertise.