Bottom-Up Assembly of Bioinspired, Fully Synthetic Extracellular Vesicles

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid membrane-enclosed compartments released by cells for intercellular communication in homeostasis and disease. Studies have shown great therapeutic potential of EVs, including but not limited to regenerative and immunomodulatory therapies. Additionally, EVs are promising next-generation drug delivery systems due to their biocompatibility, low immunogenicity, and inherent target specificity. However, clinical application of EVs is so far limited due to challenges in scaling up production, high heterogeneity, batch-to-batch variation, and limited control over composition. Although attaining a fundamental characterization of EVs' functions is a compelling goal, these limitations have hindered a full understanding. Therefore, there is rising interest in exploiting the beneficial properties of EVs while gaining better control over their production and composition. Herein, we describe a method for the bottom-up assembly of bioinspired, fully synthetic vesicles that mimic the most important biophysical and biochemical properties of natural EVs.