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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
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T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
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Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

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Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 1, 2025

Measuring Mitochondrial Function of Na&#239;ve and Effector CD8 T Cells
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Measuring Mitochondrial Function of Naïve and Effector CD8 T Cells

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Mitochondrial Dysfunction in CD4+ T Effector Memory RA+ Cells.

Marie Strickland1,2, Salanne Lee1, Shi Yong Neo1

  • 1Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos, Singapore 138648, Singapore.

Biology
|April 28, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Aging impairs immune responses, potentially due to mitochondrial dysfunction in CD4+ T cells. This study reveals altered mitochondrial function in CD4+ TEMRA cells, suggesting a link to reduced vaccine efficacy and infection response.

Keywords:
T cellsflow cytometrymetabolism1stimulationterminally differentiated effector memory T cells (TEMRA)

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cellular Biology
  • Aging Research

Background:

  • Human aging is associated with diminished immune responses and reduced vaccine effectiveness.
  • While immune system decline is a known factor, the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in age-related immune impairment is unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate mitochondrial dysfunction in CD4+ T cell subtypes, specifically CD4+ terminal effector memory T cells re-expressing CD45RA (TEMRA) cells.
  • To compare the metabolic responses and mitochondrial characteristics of CD4+ TEMRA cells with CD4+ naïve and other memory T cell subsets in elderly individuals.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of mitochondrial dynamics, OPA1 expression, Glucose transporter 1 upregulation, mitochondrial mass, and mitochondrial membrane potential.
  • Comparison of CD4+ TEMRA cells from young and aged individuals.

Main Results:

  • CD4+ TEMRA cells displayed altered mitochondrial dynamics, including a 25% reduction in OPA1 expression compared to other CD4+ T cell types.
  • Upregulation of Glucose transporter 1 and increased mitochondrial mass were observed in CD4+ TEMRA and memory cells post-stimulation.
  • CD4+ TEMRA cells showed a significant decrease (up to 50%) in mitochondrial membrane potential compared to other memory subsets.

Conclusions:

  • CD4+ TEMRA cells exhibit impaired metabolic responses to stimulation, potentially contributing to age-related deficits in infection and vaccination responses.
  • Mitochondrial dysfunction in CD4+ TEMRA cells is a key finding that warrants further investigation in the context of aging immunity.