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Related Concept Videos

Auditory Pathway01:15

Auditory Pathway

5.5K
Auditory pathways constitute the complex neural circuits responsible for transmitting and interpreting auditory information from the peripheral auditory system to the brain. Sound waves are initially captured by the outer ear, funneled through the ear canal, and reach the tympanic membrane (eardrum). These vibrations are transmitted via the middle ear's ossicles to the inner ear's cochlea.
When viewed cross-sectionally, the cochlea reveals the scala vestibuli and scala tympani flanking...
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Neurulation01:30

Neurulation

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Neurulation is the embryological process which forms the precursors of the central nervous system and occurs after gastrulation has established the three primary cell layers of the embryo: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. In humans, the majority of this system is formed via primary neurulation, in which the central portion of the ectoderm—originally appearing as a flat sheet of cells—folds upwards and inwards, sealing off to form a hollow neural tube. As development proceeds, the...
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Anatomy of the Ear01:16

Anatomy of the Ear

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Auditory sensation, commonly called hearing, involves the transformation of sonic waves into neural impulses facilitated by the structures of the auditory organ. The prominent, flesh-like structure on the side of the head, called the auricle, directs sound waves towards the auditory canal. The auricle is often mislabeled as the pinna, a term more aligned with mobile structures like a feline's external ear. The auditory canal penetrates the cranium via the external auditory meatus of the...
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The Cochlea01:13

The Cochlea

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The cochlea is a coiled structure in the inner ear that contains hair cells—the sensory receptors of the auditory system. Sound waves are transmitted to the cochlea by small bones attached to the eardrum called the ossicles, which vibrate the oval window that leads to the inner ear. This causes fluid in the chambers of the cochlea to move, vibrating the basilar membrane.
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Hearing01:31

Hearing

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When we hear a sound, our nervous system is detecting sound waves—pressure waves of mechanical energy traveling through a medium. The frequency of the wave is perceived as pitch, while the amplitude is perceived as loudness.
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Hair Cells01:22

Hair Cells

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Hair cells are the sensory receptors of the auditory system—they transduce mechanical sound waves into electrical energy that the nervous system can understand. Hair cells are located in the organ of Corti within the cochlea of the inner ear, between the basilar and tectorial membranes. The actual sensory receptors are called inner hair cells. The outer hair cells serve other functions, such as sound amplification in the cochlea, and are not discussed in detail here.
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Related Experiment Video

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In Ovo and Ex Ovo Methods to Study Avian Inner Ear Development
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Early Steps towards Hearing: Placodes and Sensory Development.

Azel Zine1, Bernd Fritzsch2

  • 1LBN, Laboratory of Bioengineering and Nanoscience, University of Montpellier, 34193 Montpellier, France.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|April 28, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Understanding inner ear development is crucial for treating sensorineural hearing loss. This review details early cellular transformations in the otic placode, informing cell-based regeneration strategies.

Keywords:
epibranchialgene regulatory networkhair cellinner earsensory neuronsensory placodetaste buds

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Regenerative Medicine
  • Otolaryngology

Background:

  • Sensorineural hearing loss stems from damage to cochlear structures like hair cells and neurons.
  • Cell-based therapies are researched to restore hearing by replacing damaged inner ear tissues.
  • Effective cell therapies require understanding early inner ear development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the morphogenetic steps of inner ear development from the otic placode.
  • To connect developmental knowledge to cell-based therapeutic strategies for hearing loss.
  • To highlight developmental events guiding inner ear progenitor and neurosensory cell differentiation.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on inner ear and placode development.
  • Focus on cellular transformations during otic placode to otocyst development.
  • Analysis of morphogenetic events leading to inner ear progenitors.

Main Results:

  • Detailed description of the conversion of the otic placode into the otocyst.
  • Identification of key cellular transformations and developmental stages.
  • Emphasis on the otic and epibranchial placode's role in forming inner ear progenitors.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding early inner ear development is essential for advancing cell-based hearing loss treatments.
  • Knowledge of placode development informs the design and feasibility of experimental cell replacement strategies.
  • This review provides a foundation for novel therapeutic approaches to sensorineural hearing loss.