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Updated: Aug 14, 2026

Saliva, Salivary Gland, and Hemolymph Collection from Ixodes scapularis Ticks
Published on: February 21, 2012
An Update of Evidence for Pathogen Transmission by Ticks of the Genus Hyalomma
Sarah I Bonnet1, Stéphane Bertagnoli2, Alessandra Falchi3
1Ecology and Emergence of Arthropod-borne Pathogens unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris-cité, Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 2000, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE) USC 1510, 75015 Paris, France.
Abstract:
Current and likely future changes in the geographic distribution of ticks belonging to the genus Hyalomma are of concern, as these ticks are believed to be vectors of many pathogens responsible for human and animal diseases. However, we have observed that for many pathogens there are no vector competence experiments, and that the level of evidence provided by the scientific literature is often not sufficient to validate the transmission of a specific pathogen by a specific Hyalomma species. We therefore carried out a bibliographical study to collate the validation evidence for the transmission of parasitic, viral, or bacterial pathogens by Hyalomma spp. ticks. Our results show that there are very few validated cases of pathogen transmission by Hyalomma tick species.
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