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Urinary Tract Infections: The Current Scenario and Future Prospects
Giuseppe Mancuso1, Angelina Midiri1, Elisabetta Gerace2
1Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy.
Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)
|April 28, 2023
Summary
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are common worldwide. This review discusses UTI causes, particularly Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC), and the growing challenge of multidrug resistance (MDR) in UTI pathogens.
Area of Science:
- Infectious Diseases
- Microbiology
- Urology
Background:
- Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are highly prevalent globally in community and healthcare settings.
- UTIs present with varied symptoms, from uncomplicated (uUTIs) to complicated (cUTIs), often managed with empirical treatments.
- While bacteria are primary culprits, fungi and viruses can also cause UTIs.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review the factors contributing to UTIs.
- To explore the pathogenicity mechanisms of common UTI-causing bacteria.
- To discuss the increasing prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) UTI pathogens.
Main Methods:
- Literature review of UTI epidemiology and causative agents.
- Analysis of bacterial virulence factors in UTIs.
- Examination of trends in antibiotic resistance among UTI pathogens.
Main Results:
- Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) is the leading cause of both uUTIs and cUTIs.
- Other significant pathogens include Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Enterococcus faecalis, and Staphylococcus spp.
- A concerning rise in MDR strains is escalating antibiotic resistance and healthcare costs.
Conclusions:
- Understanding UTI pathogenesis is crucial for effective treatment.
- The increasing incidence of MDR pathogens poses a significant global health challenge.
- Continued research into resistance mechanisms and novel therapeutic strategies is imperative.
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