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Prior COVID-19 Immunization Does Not Cause IgA- or IgG-Dependent Enhancement of SARS-CoV-2 Infection

Melyssa Yaugel-Novoa1, Blandine Noailly1, Fabienne Jospin1

  • 1CIRI-Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team GIMAP, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR530, F42023 Saint-Etienne, France.

Vaccines
|April 28, 2023
PubMed

Insights

Antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) of SARS-CoV-2 infection was not observed in COVID-19 patients or fully vaccinated individuals. Mild IgA-ADE effects in vaccinated individuals were transient and disappeared after completing the vaccination scheme.

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Virology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) is a phenomenon where antibodies enhance viral infection.
  • Concerns exist regarding potential ADE of SARS-CoV-2 following vaccination or prior infection.
  • Previous studies yielded conflicting results on ADE in COVID-19.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) of SARS-CoV-2 infection in COVID-19 patients and vaccinated individuals.
  • To evaluate the role of IgG and IgA in potential ADE with SARS-CoV-2 variants.
  • To assess ADE risk after homologous and heterologous vaccination schemes.

Main Methods:

  • Serum samples from 21 COVID-19 patients and 26 vaccinated individuals were analyzed.
  • An in vitro model using CD16- or CD89-expressing cells was employed.
  • Infection enhancement by serum antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 Delta and Omicron variants was assessed.

Main Results:

  • Sera from COVID-19 patients did not induce ADE with any tested SARS-CoV-2 variants.
  • A mild IgA-dependent ADE effect was observed with Omicron in some vaccinated individuals after the second dose.
  • This mild ADE effect was abolished after the full vaccination scheme was completed.

Conclusions:

  • The study did not observe FcγRIIIa- and FcαRI-dependent ADE of SARS-CoV-2 infection in COVID-19 patients or fully vaccinated individuals.
  • Prior immunization does not appear to increase the risk of severe disease through ADE.
  • The findings suggest that current vaccination strategies do not lead to significant ADE of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Keywords:
ADEDeltaIgAOmicronSARS-CoV-2vaccines

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