Related Experiment Video
Updated: Aug 1, 2025

A Rapidly Incremented Tethered-Swimming Maximal Protocol for Cardiorespiratory Assessment of Swimmers
Published on: January 28, 2020
Shoulder Muscle Activity While Swimming in Different Wetsuits and Across Different Paces
Boram Lim1, Alina P Swafford2, Katelyn E Conroy2
1Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, Kingsville, Kingsville, TX, USA.
Abstract:
A triathlon wetsuit is an important piece of equipment during the swim portion of the triathlon for the benefits of thermoregulation and additional buoyancy. However, a lack of knowledge exists about whether or not shoulder muscle activity is influenced by wearing a wetsuit. The purpose of this study was to determine if there were changes in shoulder muscle activity during front crawl with four different wetsuit conditions: Full sleeve (FSW), Sleeveless (SLW), Buoyancy shorts (BS), No wetsuit (NWS) in three different subjective swimming paces (slow, medium, and fast). Eight subjects (5 males, 3 females: mean ± SD, age = 39.1 ± 12.5 years; height = 1.8 ± 0.1 m; mass = 74.6 ± 12.9 kg; percent body fat = 19.0 ± 7.8%) completed twelve total swim conditions (4 wetsuits x 3 swimming pace) in a 25-m indoor pool. Muscle activity in anterior deltoid (AD) and posterior deltoid (PD) were measured using a wireless waterproofed electromyography (EMG) system. Stroke rate (SR) was calculated using the time to complete five-stroke cycles. The AD, PD EMG, and SR were compared using ANOVA with repeated measures. None of the dependent variables showed the interaction between wetsuit conditions and swimming paces (p > 0.05). Both AD and PD muscle activity as well as SR were influenced by swimming pace (p < 0.05) but not wetsuit conditions (p > 0.05). In conclusion, shoulder muscle activity and SR were not influenced by types of wetsuits but influenced by swimming pace.
Related Concept Videos
Muscles of the Shoulder
Anterior Thoracic Muscles
The anterior thoracic muscles include the serratus anterior, subclavius, and...
Isotonic and Isometric Muscle Contractions
Isotonic contractions
Isotonic contractions occur when a muscle changes length while...
Exercise and Muscle Performance
Endurance exercises
Endurance exercises involve running, swimming, or cycling, which require repetitive movements with low force output. When a person engages in endurance exercise, a few noticeable changes occur in their skeletal muscles. For instance, the number of capillaries...
Muscles that Move the Arm
The pectoralis major has two origins. Its clavicular head originates on the medial half of the clavicle. In contrast, the sternocostal head originates on the costal cartilages of ribs 1-6, the sternum, and the aponeurosis of the external oblique of the...
Muscles that Move the Forearm
Forearm Flexors
The biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis are forearm flexors. The biceps brachii is made up of two heads. Its long head originates at the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula, whereas that of the short head is...
Body Water Content and Fluid Compartments

