Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

General Transcription Factors01:30

General Transcription Factors

5.4K
Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...
5.4K
Combinatorial Gene Control02:33

Combinatorial Gene Control

8.4K
Combinatorial gene control is the synergistic action of several transcriptional factors to regulate the expression of a single gene. The absence of one or more of these factors may lead to a significant difference in the level of gene expression or repression.
The expression of more than 30,000 genes is controlled by approximately 2000-3000 transcription factors. This is possible because a single transcription factor can recognize more than one regulatory sequence. The specificity in gene...
8.4K
Transcription Factors02:16

Transcription Factors

76.2K
Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...
76.2K
Master Transcription Regulators02:23

Master Transcription Regulators

7.0K
Master transcription regulators are regulatory proteins that are predominantly responsible for regulating the expression of multiple genes. Often these genes work in concert to drive a  complex process. Activation of a master transcription regulator can lead to a cascade of transcriptional activation necessary for that outcome. These regulators can directly bind to the regulatory sequences of the various genes involved, or they can indirectly regulate transcription by binding to regulatory...
7.0K
Cell Specific Gene Expression01:58

Cell Specific Gene Expression

13.7K
Multicellular organisms contain a variety of structurally and functionally distinct cell types, but the DNA in all the cells originated from the same parent cells. The differences in the cells can be attributed to the differential gene expression. Liver cells, whose functions include detoxification of blood, production of bile to metabolize fats, and synthesis of proteins essential for metabolism, must express a specific set of genes to perform their functions. Gene expression also varies with...
13.7K
Exon Recombination02:32

Exon Recombination

3.6K
The evolution of new genes is critical for speciation. Exon recombination, also known as exon shuffling or domain shuffling, is an important means of new gene formation. It is observed across vertebrates, invertebrates, and in some plants such as potatoes and sunflowers. During exon recombination, exons from the same or different genes recombine and produce new exon-intron combinations, which might evolve into new genes. 
Exon shuffling follows “splice frame rules.” Each exon...
3.6K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Intestinal Microbiota Contributes to the Development of Cardiovascular Inflammation and Vasculitis in Mice.

Circulation research·2025
Same author

Cardiovascular Adaptation in Normal Pregnancy With 2D and 3D Echocardiography, Speckle Tracking, and Radial Artery Tonometry.

JACC. Advances·2024
Same author

The intestinal microbiota contributes to the development of immune-mediated cardiovascular inflammation and vasculitis in mice.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2024
Same author

Integrating T Cell Activation Signals to Regulate Gene Expression through Cyclosporin-Sensitive NFAT.

Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)·2023
Same author

Changes in Non-Deamidated versus Deamidated Epitope Targeting and Disease Prediction during the Antibody Response to Gliadin and Transglutaminase of Infants at Risk for Celiac Disease.

International journal of molecular sciences·2022
Same author

NLRP3 Inflammasome Mediates Immune-Stromal Interactions in Vasculitis.

Circulation research·2021

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 1, 2025

QTL Mapping and CRISPR/Cas9 Editing to Identify a Drug Resistance Gene in Toxoplasma gondii
11:37

QTL Mapping and CRISPR/Cas9 Editing to Identify a Drug Resistance Gene in Toxoplasma gondii

Published on: June 22, 2017

16.3K

The Tox Gene Encodes Two Proteins with Distinct and Shared Roles in Gene Regulation.

Alyson R Yeckes1, Aaron R Victor1,2, Zheng Zhu1

  • 1Research Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA.

Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)
|April 28, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The murine Tox gene produces two distinct thymocyte selection-associated HMG-box protein (TOX) variants from a single mRNA. Differential expression of TOXFL and TOXΔN impacts T cell development and gene regulation during exhaustion.

More Related Videos

Transmembrane Domain Oligomerization Propensity determined by ToxR Assay
06:45

Transmembrane Domain Oligomerization Propensity determined by ToxR Assay

Published on: May 26, 2011

15.3K
Genetic Manipulation in Δku80 Strains for Functional Genomic Analysis of Toxoplasma gondii
09:52

Genetic Manipulation in Δku80 Strains for Functional Genomic Analysis of Toxoplasma gondii

Published on: July 12, 2013

17.2K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Aug 1, 2025

QTL Mapping and CRISPR/Cas9 Editing to Identify a Drug Resistance Gene in Toxoplasma gondii
11:37

QTL Mapping and CRISPR/Cas9 Editing to Identify a Drug Resistance Gene in Toxoplasma gondii

Published on: June 22, 2017

16.3K
Transmembrane Domain Oligomerization Propensity determined by ToxR Assay
06:45

Transmembrane Domain Oligomerization Propensity determined by ToxR Assay

Published on: May 26, 2011

15.3K
Genetic Manipulation in Δku80 Strains for Functional Genomic Analysis of Toxoplasma gondii
09:52

Genetic Manipulation in Δku80 Strains for Functional Genomic Analysis of Toxoplasma gondii

Published on: July 12, 2013

17.2K

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • The thymocyte selection-associated HMG-box protein (TOX) is crucial for T cell development.
  • The murine Tox gene was annotated to produce a single protein (TOXFL).

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate the production mechanism and functional differences of TOX proteoforms.
  • Characterize the alternative translation of TOX isoforms.

Main Methods:

  • Western blotting to detect protein variants.
  • Exogenous and endogenous expression studies in murine T cells and HEK cells.
  • Analysis of proteoform ratios during T cell development and stimulation.

Main Results:

  • Murine Tox gene produces two proteoforms: TOXFL and an N-terminally truncated variant, TOXΔN.
  • TOXΔN is generated by alternative translation via leaky ribosomal scanning.
  • Proteoform ratios vary with cellular context, notably increasing TOXΔN during CD4 T cell development.
  • TOXFL exhibits greater impact on gene regulation during chronic CD8 T cell stimulation compared to TOXΔN.

Conclusions:

  • The Tox gene encodes at least two functional proteoforms with distinct regulatory mechanisms.
  • Differential TOX proteoform expression is regulated during T cell development and differentiation.
  • TOXFL and TOXΔN play distinct roles in T cell function, particularly in response to chronic stimulation and exhaustion.