Trinuclear Pd^II Complexes with a C₃ -Symmetric Triethynylbenzene-Based Tris-NHC Ligand: Catalytic Benefits

A new C₃ -symmetric tris-imidazolium tribromide salt 3, featuring 1,3,5-substituted triethynylbenzene, was used for the preparation of a trinuclear Pd^II pyridine-enhanced precatalyst preparation stabilization and initiation-type (PEPPSI) complex by triple C2 deprotonation followed by the addition of PdCl₂ . Trinuclear Pd^II complex possessing a combination of NHC and PPh₃ ligands has also been synthesized. The corresponding mononuclear palladium(II) complexes have also been synthesized for the comparison purpose. All these complexes have been characterized by using NMR spectroscopy and ESI mass spectrometry. The molecular structure of the trinuclear palladium(II) complex bearing mixed carbene and pyridine donor ligands has been established by using single crystal XRD. All the palladium(II) complexes have been used as pre-catalysts, which gave good to excellent yields in intermolecular α-arylation of 1-methyl-2-oxindole and Sonogashira coupling reaction. Catalytic studies indicate an enhanced activity of the trinuclear Pd^II complex in comparison to the corresponding mononuclear Pd^II complex for both catalytic transformations. The better performance of the trinuclear complex has also been further supported by preliminary electrochemical measurements. A negative mercury poison test was observed for both the aforementioned catalyses and therefore, it is likely that these organic transformations proceed homogeneously.