Related Experiment Video
Updated: Aug 1, 2025
07:36
Modeling Encephalopathy of Prematurity Using Prenatal Hypoxia-ischemia with Intra-amniotic Lipopolysaccharide in Rats
Published on: November 20, 2015
11.4K
Late-Onset Hyponatremia in Premature Infants
Terri Marin1, Samuel H Dowell, Kristen Wright
1Department of Nursing Science, Augusta University, College of Nursing, Augusta, Georgia (Dr Marin); and Departments of Pediatric Nephrology (Dr Mansuri) and Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology (Dr Mann), Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University (Mr Dowell and Ms Wright).
The Journal of Perinatal & Neonatal Nursing
|April 28, 2023
Summary
Late-onset hyponatremia (LOH) in premature infants stems from poor sodium intake and kidney loss. Early recognition and proper sodium supplementation are crucial for preventing poor growth and developmental issues.
Area of Science:
- Neonatalogy
- Pediatric Nephrology
Background:
- Late-onset hyponatremia (LOH) affects premature infants, characterized by low serum sodium levels.
- It results from inadequate sodium intake and excessive renal sodium loss.
- Untreated LOH can lead to significant complications, including impaired growth and neurodevelopmental delays.
Purpose of the Study:
- To provide an overview of LOH pathophysiology.
- To discuss the impact of LOH on infant development and related conditions.
- To review management strategies and a novel sodium supplementation protocol.
Main Methods:
- Review of existing literature on LOH.
- Analysis of clinical definitions and diagnostic indicators, including spot urine sodium levels.
- Description of current and proposed management protocols for sodium supplementation.
Main Results:
- LOH is defined by specific serum sodium thresholds and can be indicated by low urinary sodium excretion.
- Complications of LOH include poor somatic growth, neurodevelopmental delay, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, and retinopathy of prematurity.
- Optimal serum sodium levels range from 135-145 mEq/L, but standardized supplementation protocols are lacking.
Conclusions:
- LOH is a common issue in premature infants requiring careful monitoring and management.
- Spot urine sodium levels may aid in identifying total body sodium deficits.
- Effective sodium supplementation protocols are needed to prevent LOH and its adverse outcomes.
Related Concept Videos
01:25Regulation of Water Intake
594
Osmolality refers to the number of solute particles per kilogram of solvent in a solution. Plasma osmolality specifically indicates the total number of solute particles per kilogram of water in blood plasma. This value reflects the body's hydration status and is tightly regulated through mechanisms controlling water intake and output. While water consumption is a conscious decision, the body has intrinsic regulatory systems to maintain fluid balance. Dehydration, a state of water deficit...
594
01:28Antihypertensive Drugs: Potassium-Sparing Diuretics
662
Liddle syndrome is a genetically inherited form of hypertension characterized by the overactivity of epithelial sodium channels in the nephron, the functional unit of the kidney. This heightened activity leads to increased sodium reabsorption and excessive excretion of potassium. To counteract this, potassium-sparing diuretics such as amiloride are used. They function by blocking these sodium channels, thereby reducing the influx of sodium into the epithelial cells and minimizing the loss of...
662
01:24Nephrotic Syndrome III : Nursing Management
20
Nursing management for nephrotic syndrome adapts as the disease progresses, with strategies evolving to address advancing symptoms and complications.Early-Stage Management In the early stages, nursing interventions for nephrotic syndrome resemble those used in managing acute glomerulonephritis, focusing on symptom monitoring, fluid balance, and managing mild to moderate edema.Vital Signs: Regularly monitor blood pressure, pulse, respiratory rate, and temperature to promptly identify...
20
01:29Disorder of Water Balance
509
Water balance disorders are medical conditions that occur when there is a deviation from the body's water volume or osmolarity, disrupting normal homeostasis and leading todehydration, hypotonic hydration, hyperhydration, edema, or water intoxication.
Dehydration
Dehydration occurs when the body loses fluids (particularly water).
Causes:
The major causes of dehydration include excessive sweating, fever, vomiting, diarrhea, and diuresis.
Signs and Symptoms:
Symptoms primarily include intense...
Dehydration
Dehydration occurs when the body loses fluids (particularly water).
Causes:
The major causes of dehydration include excessive sweating, fever, vomiting, diarrhea, and diuresis.
Signs and Symptoms:
Symptoms primarily include intense...
509
01:24Nephrotic Syndrome I : Introduction
11
Nephrotic Syndrome is a chronic kidney disorder defined by clinical findings such as severe proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia, and edema. These symptoms result from damage to the glomeruli, the kidney’s filtering units, increasing their permeability to proteins.Definition and Meaning:Proteinuria, defined as the loss of more than 3.5 grams of protein per day in adults, is a crucial feature of nephrotic syndrome. This condition is often accompanied by edema, the accumulation of...
11
01:20Formation of Dilute Urine
1.7K
The formation of dilute urine is a critical renal adaptation that maintains fluid balance, particularly during periods of high fluid intake. This process primarily involves the juxtamedullary nephrons. By adjusting the permeability of water and ions in response to physiological conditions, the kidneys can either conserve or excrete water, resulting in concentrated or dilute urine.
Filtrate Osmolarity in the PCT
Initially, as the filtrate passes through the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), its...
Filtrate Osmolarity in the PCT
Initially, as the filtrate passes through the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), its...
1.7K