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The Thyroid Gland

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...

Major Hormones and Their Functions

Major Hormones and Their Functions

Hormones, the biochemical messengers produced by endocrine glands, are pivotal in regulating bodily functions and maintaining homeostasis. Each hormone's balance is crucial; imbalances can lead to significant physiological disruptions. Major hormones include oxytocin, cortisol, epinephrine, estrogen, testosterone, thyroxine, growth hormone, insulin, and glucagon.
Oxytocin, produced in the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland, plays a role in social bonding, childbirth, and...

Adrenal Gland Disorders

Adrenal Gland Disorders

Adrenal gland disorders manifest when the production of adrenal hormones deviates from the norm, resulting in either excessive or insufficient concentrations.
Adrenal insufficiency, characterized by insufficient cortisol and aldosterone production, leads to conditions like Addison's disease. This disorder, affecting the adrenal cortex, exhibits symptoms such as skin bronzing, dehydration, low blood pressure, fatigue, and weight loss. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, a genetic ailment causing...

The Parathyroid Glands

The Parathyroid Glands

The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
Oxyphil cells, whose functions remain elusive, emerge during late puberty, adding a layer of complexity to the parathyroid gland's intricacies. In contrast, principal parathyroid cells undertake a vital role by...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 1, 2025

Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Visualization in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Thyroid Cancer

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An Unusual Case of Hyperthyroidism.

Rishabh Kapoor¹, Jalees Fatima¹, Vaibhav Shukla¹

¹Era's Lucknow Medical College and Hospital, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.

The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India

|April 28, 2023

Summary

Hyperthyroidism can cause pulmonary hypertension, a serious condition affecting heart function. Prompt diagnosis and treatment of hyperthyroidism can reverse this potentially fatal complication.

Area of Science:

Cardiology
Endocrinology
Pulmonology

Background:

Thyroid dysfunction significantly impacts cardiovascular hemodynamics, including cardiac output and blood pressure.
Hyperthyroidism is linked to increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, often exacerbating coronary heart disease and causing arrhythmias.
Pulmonary arterial hypertension and right heart failure are less recognized but significant complications of hyperthyroidism.

Observation:

A 46-year-old female presented with progressive dyspnea and cough, indicative of severe cardiopulmonary compromise.
Physical examination revealed severe malnutrition, cervical lymphadenopathy, and signs of right heart strain, including a parasternal heave and palpable P2.
Thyroid examination showed symmetrical enlargement with increased radiotracer uptake, suggesting hyperthyroid status.

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Findings:

Thyroid scintigraphy confirmed increased radiotracer uptake, consistent with hyperthyroid status, specifically Graves' disease.
The patient's clinical presentation and examination findings were indicative of severe pulmonary arterial hypertension and right heart failure.
These findings highlight the critical link between hyperthyroidism and the development of pulmonary hypertension.

Implications:

Hyperthyroidism is a potentially reversible cause of pulmonary hypertension.
Early diagnosis and management of hyperthyroidism are crucial for preventing and treating associated cardiovascular complications.
This case underscores the importance of considering thyroid dysfunction in patients presenting with unexplained pulmonary hypertension and right heart failure.