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Related Concept Videos

Gas Thermometers and the Kelvin Scale01:22

Gas Thermometers and the Kelvin Scale

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The definition of temperature in terms of molecular motion suggests that there should be a lowest possible temperature, where the average kinetic energy of molecules is zero (or the minimum allowed by quantum mechanics). Experiments confirm the existence of such a temperature, called absolute zero. An absolute temperature scale is one whose zero point is absolute zero. Such scales are convenient in science because several physical quantities, such as the volume of an ideal gas, are directly...
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A pure, perfectly crystalline solid possessing no kinetic energy (that is, at a temperature of absolute zero, 0 K) may be described by a single microstate, as its purity, perfect crystallinity,and complete lack of motion means there is but one possible location for each identical atom or molecule comprising the crystal (W = 1). According to the Boltzmann equation, the entropy of this system is zero.
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A substance that reaches superconductivity, a state in which magnetic fields cannot penetrate, and there is no electrical resistance, is referred to as a superconductor. In 1911, Heike Kamerlingh Onnes of Leiden University, a Dutch physicist, observed a relation between the temperature and the resistance of the element mercury. The mercury sample was then cooled in liquid helium to study the linear dependence of resistance on temperature. It was observed that, as the temperature decreased, the...
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Every measurement provides three kinds of information: the size or magnitude of the measurement (a number), a standard of comparison for the measurement (a unit), and an indication of the uncertainty of the measurement. While the number and unit are explicitly represented when a quantity is written, the uncertainty is an aspect of the errors in the measurement results.
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Angle-resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy At Ultra-low Temperatures
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Towards chemistry at absolute zero.

Brianna R Heazlewood1, Timothy P Softley2

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford, UK. brianna.heazlewood@chem.ox.ac.uk.

Nature Reviews. Chemistry
|April 28, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Chemical reactions at ultracold temperatures (100 K to 500 nK) enter a quantum regime, deviating from classical models. Researchers are exploring these quantum chemical reactions, showing significant control over reactivity at extremely low temperatures.

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Area of Science:

  • Physical Chemistry
  • Quantum Mechanics
  • Chemical Dynamics

Background:

  • Investigating chemical reactivity near absolute zero presents unique challenges.
  • Classical models of chemical reactions fail at ultracold temperatures.
  • Ultracold conditions necessitate a quantum mechanical description of chemical processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent experimental and theoretical advancements in ultracold chemical reactions.
  • To explore the transition from classical to quantum regimes in chemical reactivity.
  • To highlight the control achieved over chemical reactions at extremely low temperatures.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental techniques for achieving and controlling ultracold temperatures (100 K to 500 nK).
  • Theoretical modeling of quantum effects in low-temperature chemical reactions.
  • Analysis of deviations from classical reaction dynamics.

Main Results:

  • Chemical reactions can occur at temperatures as low as 1 μK.
  • At ultracold temperatures, reactions do not follow the conventional activation energy barrier model.
  • Quantum mechanics governs chemical reactivity in this regime.

Conclusions:

  • The study of chemical reactions at ultracold temperatures is an emerging field.
  • Exceptional control over low-temperature reactivity has been demonstrated.
  • Future research will continue to uncover the quantum nature of chemical transformations.