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Related Concept Videos

Catalysis02:50

Catalysis

27.1K
The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.
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Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation02:17

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

3.4K
Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...
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Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:24

Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

7.8K
Introduction
Like alkenes, alkynes can be reduced to alkanes in the presence of transition metal catalysts such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. The reaction involves two sequential syn additions of hydrogen via a cis-alkene intermediate.
7.8K
Woodward–Hoffmann Selection Rules and Microscopic Reversibility01:34

Woodward–Hoffmann Selection Rules and Microscopic Reversibility

3.2K
Electrocyclic reactions, cycloadditions, and sigmatropic rearrangements are concerted pericyclic reactions that proceed via a cyclic transition state. These reactions are stereospecific and regioselective. The stereochemistry of the products depends on the symmetry characteristics of the interacting orbitals and the reaction conditions. Accordingly, pericyclic reactions are classified as either symmetry-allowed or symmetry-forbidden. Woodward and Hoffmann presented the selection criteria for...
3.2K
Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:13

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

12.3K
Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the...
12.3K
Types of Chemical Reactions: Exchange and Reversible01:08

Types of Chemical Reactions: Exchange and Reversible

8.3K
An exchange reaction is a chemical reaction in which both synthesis and decomposition occur, chemical bonds are both formed and broken, and chemical energy is absorbed, stored, and released.
A special kind of exchange reaction is the oxidation-reduction reaction, or the redox reaction. These reactions involve the transfer of electrons from one compound to another. The electrons in these reactions commonly come from hydrogen atoms, which consist of an electron and a proton. A molecule gives up a...
8.3K

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Heterogeneous Removal of Water-Soluble Ruthenium Olefin Metathesis Catalyst from Aqueous Media Via Host-Guest Interaction
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Reversible catalysis.

Vincent Fourmond1, Nicolas Plumeré2, Christophe Léger3

  • 1Laboratoire de Bioénergétique et Ingénierie des Protéines, CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée, and Institut Microbiologie, Bioénergies et Biotechnologie, Marseille, France.

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Area of Science:

  • Chemical Catalysis
  • Thermodynamics
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Understanding reaction dynamics is crucial for energy efficiency.
  • Electrochemical and biological systems utilize catalysts for energy transduction.
  • Current frameworks lack a unified concept for reaction reversibility.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To define and unify the concept of 'reversible' catalysts.
  • To explore the relationship between reaction rate and thermodynamic driving force.
  • To guide the engineering of novel synthetic catalysts.

Main Methods:

  • Mean-field kinetic modeling applied to three distinct systems.
  • Analysis of surface catalysts, molecular redox catalysts, and molecular machines.
  • Distinguishing reversibility from rate and directionality.

Main Results:

  • A unified kinetic model for reversible catalysis across different systems.
  • Demonstration of how catalysts facilitate fast, energy-efficient transformations.
  • Identification of key principles for designing reversible catalysts.

Conclusions:

  • Reversibility is a critical, yet often overlooked, property of efficient catalysts.
  • A unified understanding of reversibility can advance catalyst design.
  • Further research is needed to engineer synthetic catalysts based on these principles.