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Related Concept Videos

Nucleosome Remodeling02:54

Nucleosome Remodeling

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Nucleosomes are the basic units of chromatin compaction. Each nucleosome consists of the DNA bound tightly around a histone core, which makes the DNA inaccessible to DNA binding proteins such as DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase. Hence, the fundamental problem is to ensure access to DNA when appropriate, despite the compact and protective chromatin structure.
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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
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The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
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The process of chromosome duplication during cell division requires genome-wide disruption and re-assembly of chromatin. The chromatin structure must be accurately inherited, reassembled, and maintained in the daughter cells to ensure lineage propagation.
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In eukaryotic cells, nascent mRNA transcripts need to undergo many post-transcriptional modifications to reach the cell cytoplasm and translate into functional proteins. For a long time, transcription and pre-mRNA processing were considered two independent events that occur sequentially in the cell. However, it has now been well established that transcription and pre-mRNA processing are two simultaneous processes that are precisely regulated inside the cell.
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The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
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Generation and Purification of Human INO80 Chromatin Remodeling Complexes and Subcomplexes
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SWI/SNF Chromatin Remodelers: Structural, Functional and Mechanistic Implications.

Abhilasha Singh1, Sharmila Basu Modak1, Madan M Chaturvedi1,2

  • 1Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India.

Cell Biochemistry and Biophysics
|April 29, 2023
PubMed
Summary

The SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex regulates gene accessibility for essential cellular processes. This review synthesizes its structure, function, and regulation, crucial for understanding its roles in health and disease.

Keywords:
Chromatin remodelersChromatin remodelingNucleosomesSWI/SNF complex

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Epigenetics
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Chromatin remodeling is essential for eukaryotic nuclear events like DNA replication and transcription.
  • SWI/SNF complexes are key ATP-dependent chromatin remodelers involved in modulating chromatin structure.
  • Dysregulation of SWI/SNF complexes is linked to various diseases, including cancer and developmental disorders.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex.
  • To consolidate information on the discovery, structure, function, and regulation of SWI/SNF complexes.
  • To address the challenges in studying SWI/SNF due to chromatin complexity and compositional heterogeneity.

Main Methods:

  • This review synthesizes existing literature on SWI/SNF complexes.
  • It integrates findings on structural and functional aspects.
  • It discusses regulatory mechanisms and implications in health and disease.

Main Results:

  • SWI/SNF complexes facilitate chromatin transitions necessary for gene expression.
  • They play critical roles in cellular processes and are implicated in various pathologies.
  • Understanding their structure and function is vital for therapeutic development.

Conclusions:

  • SWI/SNF complexes are fundamental regulators of chromatin organization and gene accessibility.
  • Their intricate nature and diverse roles necessitate continued research.
  • Further investigation into SWI/SNF structure, function, and regulation holds promise for treating associated diseases.