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Updated: Aug 1, 2025

Measuring Neural Mechanisms Underlying Sleep-Dependent Memory Consolidation During Naps in Early Childhood
Published on: October 2, 2019
Sleep from Infancy Through Adolescence
Stephanie O Zandieh1, Sheryl Johnson2, Eliot S Katz3
1Division of Pediatrics, Cooperman Barnabas Medical Center and Children's Hospital of New Jersey at Newark Beth Israel, New Jersey Medical School, 375 Mount Pleasant Avenue, Suite 105, West Orange, NJ 07052, USA.
Abstract:
This article describes the changes in normal sleep regulation, structure, and organization and sleep-related changes in respiration from infancy to adolescence. The first 2 years of age are striking, with more time asleep than awake. With development, the electroencephalogram architecture has a marked reduction in rapid eye movement sleep and the acquisition of K-complexes, sleep spindles, and slow-wave sleep. During adolescence there is a reduction in slow-wave sleep and a delay in the circadian phase. Infants have a more collapsible upper airway and lower lung volumes than older children, which predisposes them to obstructive sleep apnea and sleep-related hypoxemia.
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