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When we hear a sound, our nervous system is detecting sound waves—pressure waves of mechanical energy traveling through a medium. The frequency of the wave is perceived as pitch, while the amplitude is perceived as loudness.
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Hearing and Ageing.

Mariapia Guerrieri1, Roberta Di Mauro2, Stefano Di Girolamo1

  • 1Otolaryngology Department, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy.

Sub-Cellular Biochemistry
|April 29, 2023
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Summary

Age-related hearing loss (ARHL) affects sound sensitivity and speech comprehension, involving both inner ear and central auditory pathways. Oxidative stress and brain changes like white matter hyperintensities contribute to this common aging condition.

Keywords:
AgeingHair cellsHearing lossInner earMitochondriaROSSpiral ganglions

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Area of Science:

  • Otolaryngology
  • Neuroscience
  • Gerontology

Background:

  • Age-related hearing loss (ARHL), or presbycusis, is a prevalent condition in mammals, characterized by decreased sound sensitivity and impaired speech-in-noise understanding.
  • ARHL involves both peripheral inner ear structures and central auditory pathways, with oxidative stress identified as a key aging mechanism in the cochlea.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the multifaceted mechanisms underlying age-related hearing loss.
  • To investigate the contribution of central auditory pathway changes, including brain gliosis and white matter hyperintensities (WMHs), to hearing impairment in aging individuals.

Main Methods:

  • Review of known mechanisms of cochlear aging, including oxidative stress, genetic predisposition, and noise exposure.
  • Examination of the roles of neuronal and hair cell loss in the inner ear.
  • Analysis of central auditory pathway changes, such as temporal lobe atrophy and brain gliosis, and their correlation with hearing loss using MRI findings like WMHs.

Main Results:

  • Neuronal loss in the auditory system precedes and surpasses hair cell loss.
  • Brain gliosis, indicated by white matter hyperintensities (WMHs) on MRI, is associated with central hearing loss due to demyelination in auditory pathways.
  • WMHs correlate with difficulties in word comprehension in older adults, even those with normal hearing thresholds.

Conclusions:

  • Age-related hearing loss is a complex phenomenon influenced by peripheral and central factors.
  • Central changes, particularly brain gliosis and WMHs, play a significant role in the auditory deficits experienced by the elderly.
  • Further research into central auditory pathway integrity is crucial for understanding and potentially treating age-related hearing impairments.