Accelerating bioleaching of tungsten mining wastes using indigenous acidophilic bacteria

The growing amount of W mining waste produced globally is of concern for its proven hazard to the environment and to human health. While uncontrolled biooxidation can result in environmental harm, bioleaching, where pregnant leach solutions are controlled, has been widely used in the mining industry for valuable metals recovery, often from low-grade materials. This bioleaching study was developed to evaluate whether the biogeochemical reprocessing of W tailings could be employed for the decontamination of W-bearing mine waste, combined with valuable metals recovery, i.e., turning a waste into a resource. Using an in-vitro laboratory model, the susceptibility of wolframite [(Fe,Mn)WO₄] to acid dissolution during the concomitant oxidation of co-localized sulfidic minerals represented the basic strategy for enhanced W recovery. Encouragingly, geochemistry and synchrotron-based X-ray absorption near edge structure of weathered W tailings demonstrated that early-stage wolframite dissolution occurred. However, W dissolution was limited by the formation of secondary W minerals; weathering produced two secondary W minerals i.e., gallium-rich tungstate and minor sanmartinite [(Zn,Fe)WO₄]. The dissolution and re-precipitation of W minerals may provide a strategy for W waste reprocessing if the two processes can be separated by initially putting W into solution, and allowing for its extraction from tailings, followed by its' recovery by secondary W mineral formation.